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From Manichaeism to Politics: an Ideological Instrumentalization of Mykhailo Drahomanov’s Social Anthropology by the Ukrainian Leftists

stmm. 2024 (3): 47-61

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2024.03.047

Повний текст: https://stmm.in.ua/archive/ukr/2024-3/5.pdf

VOLODYMYR SHELUKHIN, PhD, Teaching Fellow at the Department of Social Structures and Social Relations, Faculty of Sociology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Akademik Hlushkov Av 4d., Kyiv, 03022)

volodymyr.shelukhin@knu.ua

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8931-8757

In the history of Ukrainian sociology, the legacy of Mykhailo Drahomanov (1841-1895) is primarily analyzed in terms of his socio-political writings or early methodological ones. However, when considering Drahomanov's long-term and internationally recognized contribution to social sciences and humanities, it is his works at the intersection of folklore studies and social anthropology that are much less often in the focus of sociologists' attention. An important component of these works was Drahomanov's prolonged interest in dualistic heresies and the views on social reality as divided between truth and falsehood, transmitted by the. This interest, which guided the scholar’s research interests for twenty years, had far-reaching consequences for the politicization of the Ukrainian national movement at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The author argues that Drahomanov's folklore and social-anthropological writings, which attracted the attention of researchers of Gnosticism and dualism like C.-G. Jung, as well as contemporary anthropologists, led him to the conviction that the traditional Ukrainian folk worldview tends towards a dualistic, Bogomil-Manichaean, origin-based perspective on the world. He used this conviction for political purposes, and the younger generation of activists of the Ukrainian national movement, who gave rise to radicals, socialist revolutionaries, and social democrats, widely exploited this socio-anthropological discovery for their own political agitation. The conclusions of the study lay the groundwork for further movement in several possible directions: research of the left-wing press to identify specific strategies for the application of the dualistic myth in propaganda, providing a more general historical-cultural context for contemporary studies of populism in Ukraine, as well as a general revaluation of different components in Drahomanov's legacy in the contemporary history of Ukrainian sociology.

Keywords: Dragomanov, Dualism, Manichaeism, Gnosticism, Bogomilism, left-wing ideology

References

  1. Badalanova Geller, F. (2013). "These blasphemous rustic scriptures" (Indigenous Apocryphal Heritage of Slavia Orthodoxa). In: Τριανταφυλλο. Anniversary Collection in Honor of the 60th Birthday of Prof. Dr. Hristo Trendafilov / V. Panayotov (Ed.) (pp. 66-106). Shumen: Faber.

  2. Cooper, D. L. (2008). Slavic Folklore. Взято з: https://www.aatseel.org/100111/pdf/slavic_folklore_uiucspring.pdf

  3. Dede, V. (1906). Soldiers! [In Ukrainian]. Saint Petersburg: Dilo.

  4. Dragomanov, M. (1961). Notes on the Slavic Religio-Ethical Legends: The Dualistic Creation of the World / Trans. by E.W. Count. Bloomington; The Hague: Indiana University Press; Mouton & Co.

  5. Drahomanov, M. (1876). Little Russian folk tales and stories. [In Ukrainian and Russian]. Kyiv: Fritz.

  6. Drahomanov, M. (1894). Letters to Trans-Dnieper Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Kolomyia: Narod.

  7. Drahomanov, M. (1915). Strange Thoughts about the Ukrainian National Movement. [In Ukrainian]. Vienna: PUSR.

  8. Dundes, A. (1962). Earth-Diver: Creation of the Mythopoeic Male. American Anthropologist, 64(5.1), 1032-1051. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1962.64.5.02a00110

  9. Franko, I. (1891). Bulgarian Works by Drahomanov. [In Ukrainian]. Narod, 19, 258-262.

  10. Franko, I. (1894). From Old Manuscripts. [In Ukrainian]. Zhitie i slovo, 1, 134-140.

  11. Franko, I. (1896). Preface. [In Ukrainian]. In: Apocrypha of the Old Testament, collected from Ukrainian-Ruthenian Manuscripts. Monuments of Ukrainian-Ruthenian Language and Literature. (vol. I, pp. I-LXVI). Lviv: ShSS.

  12. Franko, I. (1902). Baptists and Maliovantsi of the Kyiv Province. [In Ukrainian]. Literary-Scientific Herald (vol. 19, book 9) [2nd pagination], 154-160.

  13. Hansen, W. (2005). In Memoriam: Alan Dundes 1934-2005. Journal of Folklore Research, 42(2), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.2979/JFR.2005.42.2.245

  14. Hermaize, О. (1925). On 25th anniversary of the Rev. Ukr. Party (RUP). [In Ukrainian]. Zhyttia i revoliutsiia, 3, 20-24.

  15. Hrushevsky, М. (1925). From the History of Religious Thought in Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Lviv: ShSS, USI.

  16. Hrushevsky, М. (1960). The History of Ukrainian Literature in 6 Volumes, 9 Books (vol. 4). [In Ukrainian]. New York: Knyhospilka.

  17. Hrushevsky, М. (1993). The History of Ukrainian Literature in 6 Volumes, 9 Books (vol. 1). [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Lybid.

  18. Hrushevsky, М. (1995). The History of Ukrainian Literature in 6 Volumes, 9 Books (vol. 5, book 1). [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Lybid.

  19. Hrushevsky, М. (2015). Drahomanov's Mission. [In Ukrainian]. In: M. Hrushevsky, Writings in 50 volumes (vol. 10, book 1, pp. 68-103). Lviv: Svit.

  20. Ivanov, P. (1998). Balkan Slavic Literatures: Reading List and Bibliography. Slavic Studies Faculty Publications, 13. Взято з: https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/slavicfacpub/13/

  21. Jung, C. G. (2019). Aion: Untersuchungen zur Symbolgeschichte. [In Ukrainian]. Lviv: Astroliabia.

  22. Kongas, E.-K. (1962). 'Notes on the Slavic Religio-Ethical Legends: The Dualistic Creation of the World' by M.P. Dragomanov. The Slavic and East European Journal, 6(4), 392-393. https://doi.org/10.2307/305204

  23. Krimskiy, A. (1894). Karmaty [The Carmathians]. [In Russian]. In: Entsyklopedicheskii slovar' Brokgauza i Yefrona, (vol. XIII, pp. 394-395). Saint Petersburg: Yafron.

  24. Krimskiy, A. (1895). Tales on Envious Gods. Written by Mykhailo Drahomanov. [In Russian]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, 24(1), 139.

  25. Krimskiy, A. (1899). Islam and its Future. [In Russian]. Moscow: Mamontov.

  26. Levi-Strauss, C. (2000). La Pensée sauvage. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: UCSC.

  27. Magyar, Z. (2023). Legenda etiologică. (Prefaţă Sabina Ispas. Ediţie îngrijită şi studiu introductiv de I. Oprişan). Bucureşti: Editura Saeculum I.O., 2005. 575 pp. (review). Fabula: Journal of Folktale Studies, 64(1-2), 183-210. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabula-2023-0011

  28. Manheim, K. (2008). Ideologie und Utopie. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Dukh i Litera.

  29. Pavlyk, M. (1918). Foreword. [In Ukrainian]. In: M. Drahomanov, Tales on Envious Gods (pp. 3-4). Winnipeg: Ruska knyharnia.

  30. Pelenskiy, Ye.-Yu. (1948). Rainer Maria Rilke and Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Minden: Bystrytsya.

  31. Pernestorfer, E. (1915). On Modern Nationalism. [In Ukrainian]. Vienna: PUSR.

  32. Petliura, S. (1993). Drahomanov on the Ukrainian question. [In Ukrainian]. In: S. Petliura, Articles (pp. 108-114). Kyiv: Dnipro.

  33. Reznik, O. (2023). Populist Orientations of the Population of Ukraine during Social Transformations. [In Ukrainian]. April 30, 2024. Retrieved from: https://dif.org.ua/article/populistski-orientatsii-naselennya-ukraini-vprodovzh-sotsialnikh-transformatsiy

  34. Reznik, O. (2023a). Populist Orientations in Ukrainian Society: Origins and Characteristics of Reproduction. [In Ukrainian]. Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, 2, 5-27. https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2023.02.005

  35. Rilke, R.M. (1986). Song about truth / Trans. by M. Tupayla. In: R.M. Rilke, Thoughts on Arts and Poetry (pp. 131-138). Kyiv: Mystetstvo.

  36. Shchupak, S. (1925). "RUP" during the period of 1905 in Kyiv region. [In Ukrainian]. Zhyttia i revoliutsiia, 11, 76-81.

  37. Shvachka, V. (1915). Why We Borrowed Faith. [In Ukrainian]. Vienna: PUSR.

  38. The International folklore congress on the World's Columbian Exposition (July 1893, Chicago). (1898). Vol. 1. H. Wheeler, F. Starr (Eds.). Chicago: Charles H. Sergel Company.

  39. Tomashevich, G.V. (1965). 'Notes on the Slavic Religio-Ethical Legends: The Dualistic Creation of the World' by M.P. Dragomanov, Earl W. Count (transl.). The Journal of American Folklore, 78(307), 79-80. https://doi.org/10.2307/538119

  40. Vlasto, А.P. (2004). The Entry Slavs into Christendom. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Univers.

  41. Voegelin, E. (1997). Science, Politics and Gnosticism: Two Essays. Washington: Regnery Publishing.

  42. Vynnyschenko, V. (1910). Struggle. [In Russian]. Paris: PSR.

  43. Vynnyschenko, V. (1919). Struggle. [In Ukrainian]. In: Struggle and other short stories (vol. 3, pp. 5-84). Vienna: Dzvin.

  44. White, J.F. (2023). The Devil created the Earth. Crecganford. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/LZNVfYwVu3M?si=IvCGz_B9Bt2N3UEP

Received 08.05.2024

From Manichaeism to Politics: an Ideological Instrumentalization of Mykhailo Drahomanov’s Social Anthropology by the Ukrainian Leftists

stmm. 2024 (3): 47-61

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2024.03.047

Повний текст: https://stmm.in.ua/archive/ukr/2024-3/5.pdf

VOLODYMYR SHELUKHIN, PhD, Teaching Fellow at the Department of Social Structures and Social Relations, Faculty of Sociology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Akademik Hlushkov Av 4d., Kyiv, 03022)

volodymyr.shelukhin@knu.ua

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8931-8757

In the history of Ukrainian sociology, the legacy of Mykhailo Drahomanov (1841-1895) is primarily analyzed in terms of his socio-political writings or early methodological ones. However, when considering Drahomanov's long-term and internationally recognized contribution to social sciences and humanities, it is his works at the intersection of folklore studies and social anthropology that are much less often in the focus of sociologists' attention. An important component of these works was Drahomanov's prolonged interest in dualistic heresies and the views on social reality as divided between truth and falsehood, transmitted by the. This interest, which guided the scholar’s research interests for twenty years, had far-reaching consequences for the politicization of the Ukrainian national movement at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The author argues that Drahomanov's folklore and social-anthropological writings, which attracted the attention of researchers of Gnosticism and dualism like C.-G. Jung, as well as contemporary anthropologists, led him to the conviction that the traditional Ukrainian folk worldview tends towards a dualistic, Bogomil-Manichaean, origin-based perspective on the world. He used this conviction for political purposes, and the younger generation of activists of the Ukrainian national movement, who gave rise to radicals, socialist revolutionaries, and social democrats, widely exploited this socio-anthropological discovery for their own political agitation. The conclusions of the study lay the groundwork for further movement in several possible directions: research of the left-wing press to identify specific strategies for the application of the dualistic myth in propaganda, providing a more general historical-cultural context for contemporary studies of populism in Ukraine, as well as a general revaluation of different components in Drahomanov's legacy in the contemporary history of Ukrainian sociology.

Keywords: Dragomanov, Dualism, Manichaeism, Gnosticism, Bogomilism, left-wing ideology

References

  1. Badalanova Geller, F. (2013). "These blasphemous rustic scriptures" (Indigenous Apocryphal Heritage of Slavia Orthodoxa). In: Τριανταφυλλο. Anniversary Collection in Honor of the 60th Birthday of Prof. Dr. Hristo Trendafilov / V. Panayotov (Ed.) (pp. 66-106). Shumen: Faber.

  2. Cooper, D. L. (2008). Slavic Folklore. Взято з: https://www.aatseel.org/100111/pdf/slavic_folklore_uiucspring.pdf

  3. Dede, V. (1906). Soldiers! [In Ukrainian]. Saint Petersburg: Dilo.

  4. Dragomanov, M. (1961). Notes on the Slavic Religio-Ethical Legends: The Dualistic Creation of the World / Trans. by E.W. Count. Bloomington; The Hague: Indiana University Press; Mouton & Co.

  5. Drahomanov, M. (1876). Little Russian folk tales and stories. [In Ukrainian and Russian]. Kyiv: Fritz.

  6. Drahomanov, M. (1894). Letters to Trans-Dnieper Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Kolomyia: Narod.

  7. Drahomanov, M. (1915). Strange Thoughts about the Ukrainian National Movement. [In Ukrainian]. Vienna: PUSR.

  8. Dundes, A. (1962). Earth-Diver: Creation of the Mythopoeic Male. American Anthropologist, 64(5.1), 1032-1051. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1962.64.5.02a00110

  9. Franko, I. (1891). Bulgarian Works by Drahomanov. [In Ukrainian]. Narod, 19, 258-262.

  10. Franko, I. (1894). From Old Manuscripts. [In Ukrainian]. Zhitie i slovo, 1, 134-140.

  11. Franko, I. (1896). Preface. [In Ukrainian]. In: Apocrypha of the Old Testament, collected from Ukrainian-Ruthenian Manuscripts. Monuments of Ukrainian-Ruthenian Language and Literature. (vol. I, pp. I-LXVI). Lviv: ShSS.

  12. Franko, I. (1902). Baptists and Maliovantsi of the Kyiv Province. [In Ukrainian]. Literary-Scientific Herald (vol. 19, book 9) [2nd pagination], 154-160.

  13. Hansen, W. (2005). In Memoriam: Alan Dundes 1934-2005. Journal of Folklore Research, 42(2), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.2979/JFR.2005.42.2.245

  14. Hermaize, О. (1925). On 25th anniversary of the Rev. Ukr. Party (RUP). [In Ukrainian]. Zhyttia i revoliutsiia, 3, 20-24.

  15. Hrushevsky, М. (1925). From the History of Religious Thought in Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Lviv: ShSS, USI.

  16. Hrushevsky, М. (1960). The History of Ukrainian Literature in 6 Volumes, 9 Books (vol. 4). [In Ukrainian]. New York: Knyhospilka.

  17. Hrushevsky, М. (1993). The History of Ukrainian Literature in 6 Volumes, 9 Books (vol. 1). [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Lybid.

  18. Hrushevsky, М. (1995). The History of Ukrainian Literature in 6 Volumes, 9 Books (vol. 5, book 1). [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Lybid.

  19. Hrushevsky, М. (2015). Drahomanov's Mission. [In Ukrainian]. In: M. Hrushevsky, Writings in 50 volumes (vol. 10, book 1, pp. 68-103). Lviv: Svit.

  20. Ivanov, P. (1998). Balkan Slavic Literatures: Reading List and Bibliography. Slavic Studies Faculty Publications, 13. Взято з: https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/slavicfacpub/13/

  21. Jung, C. G. (2019). Aion: Untersuchungen zur Symbolgeschichte. [In Ukrainian]. Lviv: Astroliabia.

  22. Kongas, E.-K. (1962). 'Notes on the Slavic Religio-Ethical Legends: The Dualistic Creation of the World' by M.P. Dragomanov. The Slavic and East European Journal, 6(4), 392-393. https://doi.org/10.2307/305204

  23. Krimskiy, A. (1894). Karmaty [The Carmathians]. [In Russian]. In: Entsyklopedicheskii slovar' Brokgauza i Yefrona, (vol. XIII, pp. 394-395). Saint Petersburg: Yafron.

  24. Krimskiy, A. (1895). Tales on Envious Gods. Written by Mykhailo Drahomanov. [In Russian]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, 24(1), 139.

  25. Krimskiy, A. (1899). Islam and its Future. [In Russian]. Moscow: Mamontov.

  26. Levi-Strauss, C. (2000). La Pensée sauvage. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: UCSC.

  27. Magyar, Z. (2023). Legenda etiologică. (Prefaţă Sabina Ispas. Ediţie îngrijită şi studiu introductiv de I. Oprişan). Bucureşti: Editura Saeculum I.O., 2005. 575 pp. (review). Fabula: Journal of Folktale Studies, 64(1-2), 183-210. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabula-2023-0011

  28. Manheim, K. (2008). Ideologie und Utopie. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Dukh i Litera.

  29. Pavlyk, M. (1918). Foreword. [In Ukrainian]. In: M. Drahomanov, Tales on Envious Gods (pp. 3-4). Winnipeg: Ruska knyharnia.

  30. Pelenskiy, Ye.-Yu. (1948). Rainer Maria Rilke and Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Minden: Bystrytsya.

  31. Pernestorfer, E. (1915). On Modern Nationalism. [In Ukrainian]. Vienna: PUSR.

  32. Petliura, S. (1993). Drahomanov on the Ukrainian question. [In Ukrainian]. In: S. Petliura, Articles (pp. 108-114). Kyiv: Dnipro.

  33. Reznik, O. (2023). Populist Orientations of the Population of Ukraine during Social Transformations. [In Ukrainian]. April 30, 2024. Retrieved from: https://dif.org.ua/article/populistski-orientatsii-naselennya-ukraini-vprodovzh-sotsialnikh-transformatsiy

  34. Reznik, O. (2023a). Populist Orientations in Ukrainian Society: Origins and Characteristics of Reproduction. [In Ukrainian]. Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, 2, 5-27. https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2023.02.005

  35. Rilke, R.M. (1986). Song about truth / Trans. by M. Tupayla. In: R.M. Rilke, Thoughts on Arts and Poetry (pp. 131-138). Kyiv: Mystetstvo.

  36. Shchupak, S. (1925). "RUP" during the period of 1905 in Kyiv region. [In Ukrainian]. Zhyttia i revoliutsiia, 11, 76-81.

  37. Shvachka, V. (1915). Why We Borrowed Faith. [In Ukrainian]. Vienna: PUSR.

  38. The International folklore congress on the World's Columbian Exposition (July 1893, Chicago). (1898). Vol. 1. H. Wheeler, F. Starr (Eds.). Chicago: Charles H. Sergel Company.

  39. Tomashevich, G.V. (1965). 'Notes on the Slavic Religio-Ethical Legends: The Dualistic Creation of the World' by M.P. Dragomanov, Earl W. Count (transl.). The Journal of American Folklore, 78(307), 79-80. https://doi.org/10.2307/538119

  40. Vlasto, А.P. (2004). The Entry Slavs into Christendom. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Univers.

  41. Voegelin, E. (1997). Science, Politics and Gnosticism: Two Essays. Washington: Regnery Publishing.

  42. Vynnyschenko, V. (1910). Struggle. [In Russian]. Paris: PSR.

  43. Vynnyschenko, V. (1919). Struggle. [In Ukrainian]. In: Struggle and other short stories (vol. 3, pp. 5-84). Vienna: Dzvin.

  44. White, J.F. (2023). The Devil created the Earth. Crecganford. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/LZNVfYwVu3M?si=IvCGz_B9Bt2N3UEP

Received 08.05.2024

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