LATEST PRINTED ISSUE

LATEST FREELY ACCESSIBLE MATERIALS

Trends of changes of national-civic identity during the war: narrative analysis

stmm. 2024 (3): 5-24

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2024.03.005

Full text: https://stmm.in.ua/archive/ukr/2024-3/3.pdf

OLENA ZLOBINA, Doctor of Sciences in Sociology, Professor, Head of the Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Sociology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (12, Shovkovychna St., Kyiv, 01021)

ezlobina@ukr.net

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-788X

Today, in sociological discourse, there is a consensus regarding the formation of a consolidated national identity in Ukrainian society, in which the civil and ethnic elements are indivisible. Studies of changes in national-civil identities in the context of a hybrid and full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war record an increase in the number of those who self-identify as citizens of Ukraine. However, it is unclear how these changes occurred and what happens to those who previously had such an identity. The purpose of this article is to document changes in national-civic self-identification under the influence of war at the personal level. Fragments of 38 in-depth interviews conducted in March-April and September-October 2023 with forced migrants were used as empirical material. Some of the informants continued to remain abroad at the time of the survey, while others returned home. From the narratives about how the war changed their lives, a number of episodes were identified that described the changes that occurred in the awareness and experience of national-civic identity. Changes were recorded in the components of social identification as: self-categorization; evaluation; importance; attachment and sense of interdependence; social embeddedness ; behavioral involvement. During the analysis, the following trends were identified: 1 — a change in the place of national-civic identity among other group affiliations, its transition to the place of the dominant self-identification; 2 — strengthening a positive attitude towards national-civic identity both from within, at the personal level, and from the outside, on the part of other national communities; 3 — strengthening the importance of national-civil self-identification due to its awareness, transformation of hidden importance into explicit one; 4 — increased emotional attachment due to an increased feeling that the fate of the group and personal fate are inseparable; unifying own sense of “I” with the group “We”; 5 — strengthening social inclusion against the backdrop of a general increase in interpersonal support; 6 — growth of behavioral practices (linguistic, cultural, volunteer) aimed at strengthening national-civic identity.

Keywords: national-civic identity, war, self-categorization, self-identification, narrative analysis

References

  1. A year of full-scale war in Ukraine: thoughts, feelings, actions. (2023). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/rik-povnomasshtabnoyi-vijny-v-ukrayini-dumky-perezhyvannya-diyi.pdf.

  2. Alexseev, M. (2015). War and Sociopolitical Identities in Ukraine. PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, 392. Retrieved from: https://www.ponarseurasia.org/wp-content/uploads/attachments/Pepm392_Alexseev_Oct2015.pdf

  3. Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.

  4. Ashforth, B.E., Schinoff, B.S. (2016). Identity Under Construction: How Individuals Come to Define Themselves in Organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 111-137. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062322

  5. Ashmore, R.D., Deaux, K., McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and Significance of Multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80-114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80

  6. Bohaichuk, V. (2018). Social identity in the context of hybrid war. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University. Pedagogical Sciences, 8, 167-175.

  7. Boiko, S. (2022). Formation of the National Identity of Ukrainian Youth in the Conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian War. [In Ukrainian]. Ukrainoznavchyi Almanakh, 30, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2022.30.2

  8. Brubaker, R., Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond "Identity". Theory and Society, 29(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007068714468

  9. Carr, D. (1986). Narrative and the real world. History and Theory, 25, 117-131. https://doi.org/10.2307/2505301

  10. Gaines, S.O., Bunce, D., Robertson, T., Barlow Wright with Yoeri Goossens, Wright, B., Goossens, Y., Heer, D., Lidder, A., Mann, A., Minhas, S. (2010). Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) within the United Kingdom. Identity, 1, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283481003676176

  11. Haller, М. (2003). War and national identity. Polemos, 1-2, 91-116.

  12. Kataiev, S. (2018). Compulsion to Identity as a Technology of Hybrid War (Case of Donbass). [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series "Sociological studies of contemporary society: methodology, theory, methods", 41, 29-34.

  13. Kindratets, O., Serhiіenko, T. (2021). Peculiarities of the formation of identity of Ukrainians in conditions of a hybrid war. [In Ukrainian]. Politicus, 1, 40-46. https://doi.org/10.24195/2414-9616.2021-1.6

  14. Kostenko, N. (2022). Inside and outside of identity in the cultural experience of pandemic and war. [In Ukrainian]. Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, 2, 5-21. https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2022.02.005

  15. Kotsur, V. (2021). Ukrainian identity in the russian federation's hybrid war against Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Sotsium. Dokumenty. Komunikatsia. Series: "Historical sciences", 1, 83-105.

  16. Kulyk, V. (2023). National Identity in Time of War: Ukraine After the Russian Aggressions of 2014 and 2022. Problems of Post-Communism, July, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2023.2224571

  17. McAdams, D.P. (2008). Personal narratives and the life story. In: O. John, R. Robins, L. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research / 3rd ed. (pp. 242-262). New York: Guilford Press.

  18. Nikolaiets, Y. (2018). The use of mass media content in the russian-ukrainian informational confrontation in 2014-2016. Humanitarium, 3, 117-133.

  19. Nine months of full-scale war in Ukraine: thoughts, feelings, actions. (2023). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/devyat-misyacziv-povnomasshtabnoyi-vijny-v-ukrayini.-dumky-perezhyvannya-diyi-3.pdf

  20. Ong, A., Fuller-Rowell, T.E., Phinney, J.S. (2010). Measurement of Ethnic Identity: Recurrent and Emergent Issues. Identity, 1, 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283481003676226

  21. Povrzanović, M. (1997). Identities in War. Embodiments of Violence and Places of Belonging. Ethnologia Europaea, 27, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.873

  22. Osmanova, A., Spіvak, L. (2022). National identity of Ukrainian university youth in the time of war. [In Ukrainian]. Psykholohia: Real'nist' i Perspektyvy. Collection of scientific works of RDSU, 18, 132-140.

  23. Phinney, J.S. (1990) Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 499-514. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499

  24. Pyrozhkov, S., Khamitov, N. (2022). War and peace in Ukraine: ways to real victory and development. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9, 38-49.

  25. Reznik, O. (2022). Collective identity under conditions of war: from an inferiority complex to a nation of winners. [In Ukrainian]. Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation (DIF). Retrieved from: https://dif.org.ua/article/kolektivna-identichnistza-umov-viyni-vid-kompleksu-menshovartosti-do-natsii-peremozhtsiv.

  26. Ricarte, J. (2023). The Impact of Protracted Peace Processes on Identities in Conflict. The Case of Israel and Palestine. Palgrave Macmillan Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16567-2

  27. Sarbin, T. (Ed.). (1986). Narrative Psychology: The Storied Nature of Human Conduct. New York: Praeger Publishers / Greenwood Publishing Group.

  28. Sasse, G., Lackner, А. (2018). War and identity: the case of the Donbas in Ukraine. Post-Soviet Affairs, 2-3, 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1452209

  29. Sasse, G., Lackner, А. (2019). War and state-making in Ukraine: Forging a civic identity from below? The Ideology and Politics Journal, 1, 75-98.

  30. Schröder, I.W., Schmidt, B.E. (2001). Introduction: violent imaginaries and violent practices. In: B.E. Schmidt, I.W. Schröder (Eds.), Anthropology of violence and conflict (pp. 1-24). London, New York: Routledge.

  31. Sellers, R.M., Smith, M.A., Shelton, J.N., Rowley, S.A.J., Chavous, T.M. (1998). Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A Reconceptualization of African American Racial Identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18-39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2

  32. Shcherbak, I. (2017). Construction of Ukrainian national identity by means of hidden curriculum. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletine of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: "Sociological studies of contemporary society: methodology, theory, methods", 38, 68-75.

  33. Shevchenko, S. (2018). Citizenship identity in emotional dimensions. [In Ukrainian]. Ukrains'kyi Sotsium, 3, 33-61. https://doi.org/10.15407/socium2018.03.033

  34. Six months of full-scale war in Ukraine: thoughts, feelings, actions. (2023). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/shist-misyacziv-povnomasshtabnoi%CC%88-vijny-v-ukrai%CC%88ni-dumky-perezhyvannya-dii%CC%88-1.pdf

  35. Smith, A.D. (1991). National Identity. London: PENGUIN BOOKS.

  36. Smith, E.R., Murphy, J., Coats, S. (1999). Attachment to groups: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 94-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.94

  37. Somers, М. (1994). The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach. Theory and Society, 5, 605-649. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992905

  38. Stepyko, M. (2015). Challenges and threats to the Ukrainian identity in terms of Russian aggression. [In Ukrainian]. Stratehichna Panorama, 1, 135-139.

  39. Stepyko, M. (2022). Transformations of Ukrainian citizens' identities in the time of russian aggression. [In Ukrainian]. Stratehichna Panorama, 2, 76-84. https://doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.2.2022.07

  40. Tajfel, H., Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In: S. Worchel, W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations / 2nd ed. (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers.

  41. Taylor, Ch. (1989). Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity. Harvard: Harvard University Press.

  42. The first days of the full-scale war in Ukraine: thoughts, feelings, actions. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/pershi-dni-povnomasshtabnoyi-vijny-v-ukrayini-2.pdf

  43. Thoits, P.A., Virshup, L.K. (1997). Me's and we's: Forms and functions of social identities. In: R.D. Ashmore, L.J. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (pp. 106-133). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098266.003.0005

  44. Tropp, L.R., Wright, S.C. (2001). Ingroup identification as the inclusion of ingroup in the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 585-600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275007

  45. Ushchyna, V. (2022). From Conflict of Discourses to Military Conflict: Multimodality of Identity Construction in Russo-Ukrainian War Discourse. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 2, 130-143. https://doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2022.9.2.ush

  46. Vinkov, V. (2023). Social and psychological aspects of experiencing threats to identity in the war conditions. [In Ukrainian]. Psykholohichni Perspektyvy, 42, 24-37.

  47. Wilson, A. (2024). Ukraine at War: Baseline Identity and Social Construction. Nations and Nationalism, 30(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12986

  48. Yaremchuk, S., Dyiak, V., Tushko, K. (2023). problems of the formation of Ukrainian cultural identity in the conditions of war. [In Ukrainian]. The scientific and theoretical almanac "Hrani", 1, 105-111.

  49. Zhurba, K., Shkilna, I. (2023). Formation of students' civic identity as conditions of national solidarity in wartime. [In Ukrainian]. Advanced Linguistics, 11, 146-153. https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-5339.2023.11.277983

Received 02.04.2024

Trends of changes of national-civic identity during the war: narrative analysis

stmm. 2024 (3): 5-24

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2024.03.005

Full text: https://stmm.in.ua/archive/ukr/2024-3/3.pdf

OLENA ZLOBINA, Doctor of Sciences in Sociology, Professor, Head of the Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Sociology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (12, Shovkovychna St., Kyiv, 01021)

ezlobina@ukr.net

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-788X

Today, in sociological discourse, there is a consensus regarding the formation of a consolidated national identity in Ukrainian society, in which the civil and ethnic elements are indivisible. Studies of changes in national-civil identities in the context of a hybrid and full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war record an increase in the number of those who self-identify as citizens of Ukraine. However, it is unclear how these changes occurred and what happens to those who previously had such an identity. The purpose of this article is to document changes in national-civic self-identification under the influence of war at the personal level. Fragments of 38 in-depth interviews conducted in March-April and September-October 2023 with forced migrants were used as empirical material. Some of the informants continued to remain abroad at the time of the survey, while others returned home. From the narratives about how the war changed their lives, a number of episodes were identified that described the changes that occurred in the awareness and experience of national-civic identity. Changes were recorded in the components of social identification as: self-categorization; evaluation; importance; attachment and sense of interdependence; social embeddedness ; behavioral involvement. During the analysis, the following trends were identified: 1 — a change in the place of national-civic identity among other group affiliations, its transition to the place of the dominant self-identification; 2 — strengthening a positive attitude towards national-civic identity both from within, at the personal level, and from the outside, on the part of other national communities; 3 — strengthening the importance of national-civil self-identification due to its awareness, transformation of hidden importance into explicit one; 4 — increased emotional attachment due to an increased feeling that the fate of the group and personal fate are inseparable; unifying own sense of “I” with the group “We”; 5 — strengthening social inclusion against the backdrop of a general increase in interpersonal support; 6 — growth of behavioral practices (linguistic, cultural, volunteer) aimed at strengthening national-civic identity.

Keywords: national-civic identity, war, self-categorization, self-identification, narrative analysis

References

  1. A year of full-scale war in Ukraine: thoughts, feelings, actions. (2023). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/rik-povnomasshtabnoyi-vijny-v-ukrayini-dumky-perezhyvannya-diyi.pdf.

  2. Alexseev, M. (2015). War and Sociopolitical Identities in Ukraine. PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, 392. Retrieved from: https://www.ponarseurasia.org/wp-content/uploads/attachments/Pepm392_Alexseev_Oct2015.pdf

  3. Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.

  4. Ashforth, B.E., Schinoff, B.S. (2016). Identity Under Construction: How Individuals Come to Define Themselves in Organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 111-137. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062322

  5. Ashmore, R.D., Deaux, K., McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and Significance of Multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80-114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80

  6. Bohaichuk, V. (2018). Social identity in the context of hybrid war. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University. Pedagogical Sciences, 8, 167-175.

  7. Boiko, S. (2022). Formation of the National Identity of Ukrainian Youth in the Conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian War. [In Ukrainian]. Ukrainoznavchyi Almanakh, 30, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2022.30.2

  8. Brubaker, R., Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond "Identity". Theory and Society, 29(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007068714468

  9. Carr, D. (1986). Narrative and the real world. History and Theory, 25, 117-131. https://doi.org/10.2307/2505301

  10. Gaines, S.O., Bunce, D., Robertson, T., Barlow Wright with Yoeri Goossens, Wright, B., Goossens, Y., Heer, D., Lidder, A., Mann, A., Minhas, S. (2010). Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) within the United Kingdom. Identity, 1, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283481003676176

  11. Haller, М. (2003). War and national identity. Polemos, 1-2, 91-116.

  12. Kataiev, S. (2018). Compulsion to Identity as a Technology of Hybrid War (Case of Donbass). [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series "Sociological studies of contemporary society: methodology, theory, methods", 41, 29-34.

  13. Kindratets, O., Serhiіenko, T. (2021). Peculiarities of the formation of identity of Ukrainians in conditions of a hybrid war. [In Ukrainian]. Politicus, 1, 40-46. https://doi.org/10.24195/2414-9616.2021-1.6

  14. Kostenko, N. (2022). Inside and outside of identity in the cultural experience of pandemic and war. [In Ukrainian]. Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, 2, 5-21. https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2022.02.005

  15. Kotsur, V. (2021). Ukrainian identity in the russian federation's hybrid war against Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Sotsium. Dokumenty. Komunikatsia. Series: "Historical sciences", 1, 83-105.

  16. Kulyk, V. (2023). National Identity in Time of War: Ukraine After the Russian Aggressions of 2014 and 2022. Problems of Post-Communism, July, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2023.2224571

  17. McAdams, D.P. (2008). Personal narratives and the life story. In: O. John, R. Robins, L. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research / 3rd ed. (pp. 242-262). New York: Guilford Press.

  18. Nikolaiets, Y. (2018). The use of mass media content in the russian-ukrainian informational confrontation in 2014-2016. Humanitarium, 3, 117-133.

  19. Nine months of full-scale war in Ukraine: thoughts, feelings, actions. (2023). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/devyat-misyacziv-povnomasshtabnoyi-vijny-v-ukrayini.-dumky-perezhyvannya-diyi-3.pdf

  20. Ong, A., Fuller-Rowell, T.E., Phinney, J.S. (2010). Measurement of Ethnic Identity: Recurrent and Emergent Issues. Identity, 1, 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283481003676226

  21. Povrzanović, M. (1997). Identities in War. Embodiments of Violence and Places of Belonging. Ethnologia Europaea, 27, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.873

  22. Osmanova, A., Spіvak, L. (2022). National identity of Ukrainian university youth in the time of war. [In Ukrainian]. Psykholohia: Real'nist' i Perspektyvy. Collection of scientific works of RDSU, 18, 132-140.

  23. Phinney, J.S. (1990) Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 499-514. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499

  24. Pyrozhkov, S., Khamitov, N. (2022). War and peace in Ukraine: ways to real victory and development. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9, 38-49.

  25. Reznik, O. (2022). Collective identity under conditions of war: from an inferiority complex to a nation of winners. [In Ukrainian]. Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation (DIF). Retrieved from: https://dif.org.ua/article/kolektivna-identichnistza-umov-viyni-vid-kompleksu-menshovartosti-do-natsii-peremozhtsiv.

  26. Ricarte, J. (2023). The Impact of Protracted Peace Processes on Identities in Conflict. The Case of Israel and Palestine. Palgrave Macmillan Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16567-2

  27. Sarbin, T. (Ed.). (1986). Narrative Psychology: The Storied Nature of Human Conduct. New York: Praeger Publishers / Greenwood Publishing Group.

  28. Sasse, G., Lackner, А. (2018). War and identity: the case of the Donbas in Ukraine. Post-Soviet Affairs, 2-3, 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1452209

  29. Sasse, G., Lackner, А. (2019). War and state-making in Ukraine: Forging a civic identity from below? The Ideology and Politics Journal, 1, 75-98.

  30. Schröder, I.W., Schmidt, B.E. (2001). Introduction: violent imaginaries and violent practices. In: B.E. Schmidt, I.W. Schröder (Eds.), Anthropology of violence and conflict (pp. 1-24). London, New York: Routledge.

  31. Sellers, R.M., Smith, M.A., Shelton, J.N., Rowley, S.A.J., Chavous, T.M. (1998). Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A Reconceptualization of African American Racial Identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18-39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2

  32. Shcherbak, I. (2017). Construction of Ukrainian national identity by means of hidden curriculum. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletine of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: "Sociological studies of contemporary society: methodology, theory, methods", 38, 68-75.

  33. Shevchenko, S. (2018). Citizenship identity in emotional dimensions. [In Ukrainian]. Ukrains'kyi Sotsium, 3, 33-61. https://doi.org/10.15407/socium2018.03.033

  34. Six months of full-scale war in Ukraine: thoughts, feelings, actions. (2023). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/shist-misyacziv-povnomasshtabnoi%CC%88-vijny-v-ukrai%CC%88ni-dumky-perezhyvannya-dii%CC%88-1.pdf

  35. Smith, A.D. (1991). National Identity. London: PENGUIN BOOKS.

  36. Smith, E.R., Murphy, J., Coats, S. (1999). Attachment to groups: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 94-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.94

  37. Somers, М. (1994). The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach. Theory and Society, 5, 605-649. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992905

  38. Stepyko, M. (2015). Challenges and threats to the Ukrainian identity in terms of Russian aggression. [In Ukrainian]. Stratehichna Panorama, 1, 135-139.

  39. Stepyko, M. (2022). Transformations of Ukrainian citizens' identities in the time of russian aggression. [In Ukrainian]. Stratehichna Panorama, 2, 76-84. https://doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.2.2022.07

  40. Tajfel, H., Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In: S. Worchel, W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations / 2nd ed. (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers.

  41. Taylor, Ch. (1989). Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity. Harvard: Harvard University Press.

  42. The first days of the full-scale war in Ukraine: thoughts, feelings, actions. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/pershi-dni-povnomasshtabnoyi-vijny-v-ukrayini-2.pdf

  43. Thoits, P.A., Virshup, L.K. (1997). Me's and we's: Forms and functions of social identities. In: R.D. Ashmore, L.J. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (pp. 106-133). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098266.003.0005

  44. Tropp, L.R., Wright, S.C. (2001). Ingroup identification as the inclusion of ingroup in the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 585-600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201275007

  45. Ushchyna, V. (2022). From Conflict of Discourses to Military Conflict: Multimodality of Identity Construction in Russo-Ukrainian War Discourse. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 2, 130-143. https://doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2022.9.2.ush

  46. Vinkov, V. (2023). Social and psychological aspects of experiencing threats to identity in the war conditions. [In Ukrainian]. Psykholohichni Perspektyvy, 42, 24-37.

  47. Wilson, A. (2024). Ukraine at War: Baseline Identity and Social Construction. Nations and Nationalism, 30(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12986

  48. Yaremchuk, S., Dyiak, V., Tushko, K. (2023). problems of the formation of Ukrainian cultural identity in the conditions of war. [In Ukrainian]. The scientific and theoretical almanac "Hrani", 1, 105-111.

  49. Zhurba, K., Shkilna, I. (2023). Formation of students' civic identity as conditions of national solidarity in wartime. [In Ukrainian]. Advanced Linguistics, 11, 146-153. https://doi.org/10.20535/2617-5339.2023.11.277983

Received 02.04.2024

LATEST PRINTED ISSUE

LATEST FREELY ACCESSIBLE MATERIALS

} } } } }