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UKRAINIAN GIGONOMY: TRANSFORMATION OF EMPLOYMENT, RISKS AND PROSPECTS

stmm. 2021 (4): 43-72

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2021.04.043

OLENA IVANENKO, Candidate of Sciences in Philosophy, Senior Research Fellow at the Department Economic Sociology, Institute of Sociology, NAS of Ukraine (12, Shovkovychna St., Kyiv, 01021)

olenaivanenko@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3635-1078

The article deals with the transformation of the employment structure and gigonomics. Today, such economic model is becoming the dominant option of choice, which is working in almost all the spheres and sectors of the economy and is increasingly conquering the world. The employment of the population represents the general structure of the economy and changes with it, reflecting the state of development of the country. Structural economic changes have led to a change in the usual forms and types of employment of the population. The market economy served as an impetus for a change in the structure of employment in the former Soviet society, and global economic processes have unified these changes. Today, the dominant trend is the shift of the main vector of economic activity from the sphere of production to the sphere of service (in various industries), small and medium-sized businesses, the applying of the principles of freelancing and outsourcing. There is also a decrease in employment in the fields of science, education, medicine; the science loses its prestige and intrinsic value, scientific knowledge is devalued, and intellectual work is increasingly concentrating in the field of computer technology, creating a huge number of new specialties and professions that require different fundamental training, high qualifications and a large number of work places. The standard principles of organizing the work process are giving way to non-standard ones; preference is given to freedom of choice, flexibility and independence etc. The digital economy and work on digital platforms are relevant, modern and promising, but they are not devoid of certain risks and dangers. Platform employment is precarious, unstable, socially and legally vulnerable, although in developed countries almost a third of the working-age population is employed in the gig economy today. In the article, there are investigated the peculiarities of Ukrainian gigonomics based on the materials of a survey conducted by the author among gig workers in Kiev — taxi drivers of online services (Uber, Uklon, Bolt) and food delivers (Glovo, Bolt Food, Rocket). Besides, there are clarified main advantages and disadvantages of such work and there are described its threats and prospects.

Keywords: gigonomics, employment, freelancing, platform economy, digital technologies, “uberization”

References

Aranguiz, A. (2021). Spain’s platform workers win algorithm transparency. Retrieved from: https://www.socialeurope.eu/spains-platform-workers-win-algorithm-transparency

Arseenko, A., Petrushyna, T. (2020). Features of standard and precarious employment of employees in Ukraine. In: Ukrainian Society: Monitoring Social Change. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: IS NAS of Ukraine. [=Арсєєнко, Петрушина 2020]

Bauman, Z. (2008). Fluid modernity. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Piter. [=Бауман 2008]

Beck, U. (2007). Power and its opponents in the age of globalism. New world political economy. [In Russian]. Moscow: Progress-Traditsia, Publishing House "Territory of the Future". [=Бек 2007]

Bell, D. (1999). The coming post-industrial society. Experience of social forecasting. Moscow: Academia. [=Белл 1999]

Bloomberg Reviews Applico’s Modern Monopolies (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.applicoinc.com/blog/applicos-modern-monopolies-reviewed-bloomberg

Boltanski, L., Chiapello, E. (2011) The new spirit of capitalism. [In Russian]. Moscow: New Literary Review. [=Болтански , Кьяпелло 2011]

Castel, R. (2009). Metamorphoses of the social question. Chronicle of wage labor. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg : Aletheya [=Кастель 2009]

Castel, R. (2015). Sign of the Times: Systematizing of Atypical Employment. [In Russian]. Retrieved from: http://left.by/archives/7434 [=Кастель 2015]

Castells, M. (2000) Transformation of Labor and Employment: networkers, unemployed and flexible workers. [In Russian]. In: Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Moscow: SU HSE. Retrieved from: https://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Polit/kastel/04.php [=Кастельс 2000]

Coronavirus and telecommuting: what the state has done (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/researches/koronavirus-i-dystantsiina-robota-shcho-zrobyla-derzhava/ [=Коронавірус 2020]

COVID-19 pandemic kills a quarter of a billion jobs — ILO Report (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/uk/pandemiia-covid-19-sprychynyla-vtratu-chverti-miliarda-robochykh-mists-zvit-mop/a-56340090 [=Пандемія COVID-19 2021]

Crouch, С. (2019). Will the Gig Economy Prevail? Polity. Retrieved from: https://vpered.wordpress.com/2020/03/23/forrester-work/

Delivery Work and the Experience of Social Isolation/ ACM (2021). Retrieved from: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3449138

Demographic and social statistics. Labor market. Employment and unemployment (2020) . Ukrderzhstat. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/menu/menu_u/rp.htm [=Демографічна та соціальна статистика 2020]

Digital economy: trends, risks and social determinants. Report (2020). Kyiv: Rozumkov Center. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/article/2020_digitalization.pdf [=Цифрова економіка 2020]

Digital Labor Platforms: New Opportunities and New Challenges (2021). [In Rusian]. Retrieved from: https://news.un.org/ru/story/2021/02/1397302 [=Цифровые трудовые платформы 2021].

Don't like it? Get down! Or why quarantine has exposed the vulnerability of the gig economy (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/columns/2020/04/3/658901/ [=Не нравится 2021]

ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work (2021). Seventh edition Updated estimates and analysis. Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf

In 2 years the number of Ukrainian freelancers working with foreign clients has increased by 31% — study (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2021/06/17/675126/ [=За 2 роки 2021]

International Labor Conference debates employment implications of pandemic (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://news.un.org/ru/story/2021/06/1404182 [=На Международной конференции 2021]

58% of employees do not mind continuing to work remotely — the study (2020). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2020/09/3/664656 [=58% работников 2020]

Formal employment. In 2020, the business laid off 100,000 more employees than it registered (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://finance.liga.net/pension/novosti/ofitsialnaya-zanyatost-biznes-uvolil-na-100-000-bolshe-sotrudnikov-chem-oformil-v-2020 [=Официальная занятость 2021]

Freelance market in Ukraine: Changes over the last 15 years (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://investory.news/rinok-frilansu-v-ukraini-zmini-za-ostanni-15-rokiv/ [=Ринок фрилансу 2020]

Freelance or death: how to survive a pandemic, five stories (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2020/04/11/658542/ [=Фриланс або смерть 2020]

Gig economy: risks and benefits (2019). Interview. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: http://www.management.com.ua/interview/int562.html [=Гіг-економіка 2019]

Gig Economy Study-2021. Retrieved from: https://brodmin.com/case-studies/gig-economy-case-study/

Habermas, J. (2005). Political works. [In Russian]. Moscow : Praxis . [=Хабермас 2005]

How COVID-19 changed the labor market: salaries, vacancies, freelancers and forecasts for 2021 (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/publications/2021/01/4/669724/ [=Как COVID-19 2021]

How did Ukrainian freelance develop in 2019 (2019). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://news.finance.ua/ru/news/-/462239/kak-razvivalsya-ukrainskij-frilans-v-2019-godu [=Как развивался 2019]

Law of Ukraine № 1213-IX from 04.02.2021 "On amendments to certain legislative acts of Ukraine concerning the improvement of legal regulation of teleworking, homeworking and flexible working". [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1213-20#Text [=Закон України № 1213-IX 2021]

Law of Ukraine № 1667-IX from 15.07.2021 "On stimulating the development of the digital economy in Ukraine". [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1667-20#Text [=Закон України № 1667 2021]

Lyashenko, V. (2018). Digital modernization of Ukraine's economy as an opportunity for breakthrough development. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: NAS of Ukraine, IEI. Retrieved from: https://iie.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/monografiyi/2017/Lyashenko_Vishnevsky_2018.pdf [=Ляшенко 2018]

More than a third of Ukrainians will receive their salaries "in an envelope" (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/treti-ukraintsev-poluchayut-zarplatu-v-konverte-1603815506.html [=Більше третини 2020]

NBU has improved the forecast of unemployment growth in 2021 to 9.1% (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/739632.html [=НБУ поліпшив 2021]

Parker, G. (2017). Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You. [In Russian]. Moscow : Mann, Ivanov and Ferber. [=Паркер 2017]

Petrushyna, T. (2019). Features of standard and non-standard employment of Ukrainian citizens. [In Ukrainian]. In: Ukrainian society: monitoring of social changes. Kyiv: IS of NAS of Ukraine. [=Петрушина 2019]

Pink, D. (2005). Free Agent Nation: How New Independent Workers Are Changing America's Life. [In Russian]. Moscow: Publishing House "Secret Firmy". [=Пинк 2005]

Platform Employment: Definition and Regulation Report (2021). [In Russian]. Moscow: HSE, СMICHP. [=Платформа 2021]

Platform Workers in Europe (2018). Retrieved from: jrc112157_pubsy_platform_workers_in_europe_science_for_policy.pdf

Price comparison: how much is a taxi ride in Kiev today (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://taxiservice.com.ua/kiev/2777-sravnenie-tsen-skolko-segodnya-stoit-poezdka-na-taksi-v-kieve [=Сравнение цен 2021]

Remote work is three times more popular than "classic" — analytics (2020). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2020/10/15/666291/ [=Удаленная работа 2020]

Report on the work and execution of the budget of the Pension Fund of Ukraine for 2020. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/storage/app/sites/1/17-civik-2018/zvit2020/pfu-2zvit-2020.pdf [=Звіт 2020]

Rosenblat, A. (2018). Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

70% of Ukrainian employers are ready to try to switch to a 4-day work week - study (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2021/07/20/676097/ [=70% украинских работодателей 2021]

Shcheglyuk, S. (2020) Morphology of digital economy: features of development and regulation of digital technological platforms (scientific-analytical report). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: http://ird.gov.ua/irdp/e20190301.pdf [Щеглюк 2020].

Taxi Bolt in Ukraine: how to earn 80 thousand a month, where the money goes and what is the average check (2019). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2019/07/9/649477/ [=Таксі Bolt 2019]

Teleworking "did not enter": employees are returned to offices (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://opendatabot.ua/analytics/remote-work [=Віддалена робота 2021]

The court in the Netherlands has recognized Uber taxi drivers as employees (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2021/09/13/677745/ [=Суд у Нідерландах 2021]

The state has taken on the shadow car-drivers. How can the taxi market change? (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2020/11/19/668157/ [=Держава взялася 2020]

The Ukrainian freelance market is conquering the world (2018). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://business.ua/uk/ukrainskyi-rynok-frilansu-zavoiovuie-svit. [=Український ринок 2018]

Toffler, E. (2000). The third wave. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv : “Vsesvit”. [=Тоффлер 2000]

Toshchenko, J. (2021). Precarious employment. [In Russian]. Moscow: Ves’ Mir. [=Тощенко 2001]

Traveling with a taste of danger: how taxi services check drivers (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2021/02/25/671380/ [=Поїздки 2021]

Uber is the most hated brand in the United States and the United Kingdom (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://taxiservice.com.ua/mir/2778-uber-naibolee-nenavistnyj-brend-v-ssha-i-velikobritanii [=Uber — наиболее ненавистный бренд 2021]

"Uber Ukraine": about prices, earnings of drivers, Uber Shuttle "illegals" and income that goes to the Netherlands (2019). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2019/11/7/653426/ [="Uber Україна" 2019]

Ukrainian labor market: imperatives and opportunities for change (2018). Kyiv, Institute of Economics and Рrognostication of the NAS of Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: http://ief.org.ua/docs/mg/306.pdf [=Український ринок праці 2018]

Ukrainian "rocket" that no one believed in: the history of the Rocket food delivery service (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2021/04/1/672523/ [=Українська "ракета" 2021]

Unemployment rate in Ukraine. Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. [In Rusian]. Retrieved from: https://index.minfin.com.ua/labour/unemploy/ [=Уровень безработицы 2021]

U.S. Workers Discovering Affinity for Remote Work (2020). Retrieved from: https://news.gallup.com/poll/306695/workers-discovering-affinity-remote-work.aspx

Viossat, L.-Ch. (2019). Quel travail à l’ère des plates-formes numériques? Les defis d’un nouveau contrat social. Futuribles, 6. Отримано з: https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?tab=rm&ogbl#inbox?projector=1

What is the gig economy and what's the deal for gig workers? (2021). Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/05/what-gig-economy-workers/

Who are FOPs and why are they against RRO. We explain the riddles of three-letter words (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-55618735 [=Хто такі ФОПи 2021]

Received 29.10.2021

UKRAINIAN GIGONOMY: TRANSFORMATION OF EMPLOYMENT, RISKS AND PROSPECTS

stmm. 2021 (4): 43-72

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2021.04.043

OLENA IVANENKO, Candidate of Sciences in Philosophy, Senior Research Fellow at the Department Economic Sociology, Institute of Sociology, NAS of Ukraine (12, Shovkovychna St., Kyiv, 01021)

olenaivanenko@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3635-1078

The article deals with the transformation of the employment structure and gigonomics. Today, such economic model is becoming the dominant option of choice, which is working in almost all the spheres and sectors of the economy and is increasingly conquering the world. The employment of the population represents the general structure of the economy and changes with it, reflecting the state of development of the country. Structural economic changes have led to a change in the usual forms and types of employment of the population. The market economy served as an impetus for a change in the structure of employment in the former Soviet society, and global economic processes have unified these changes. Today, the dominant trend is the shift of the main vector of economic activity from the sphere of production to the sphere of service (in various industries), small and medium-sized businesses, the applying of the principles of freelancing and outsourcing. There is also a decrease in employment in the fields of science, education, medicine; the science loses its prestige and intrinsic value, scientific knowledge is devalued, and intellectual work is increasingly concentrating in the field of computer technology, creating a huge number of new specialties and professions that require different fundamental training, high qualifications and a large number of work places. The standard principles of organizing the work process are giving way to non-standard ones; preference is given to freedom of choice, flexibility and independence etc. The digital economy and work on digital platforms are relevant, modern and promising, but they are not devoid of certain risks and dangers. Platform employment is precarious, unstable, socially and legally vulnerable, although in developed countries almost a third of the working-age population is employed in the gig economy today. In the article, there are investigated the peculiarities of Ukrainian gigonomics based on the materials of a survey conducted by the author among gig workers in Kiev — taxi drivers of online services (Uber, Uklon, Bolt) and food delivers (Glovo, Bolt Food, Rocket). Besides, there are clarified main advantages and disadvantages of such work and there are described its threats and prospects.

Keywords: gigonomics, employment, freelancing, platform economy, digital technologies, “uberization”

References

Aranguiz, A. (2021). Spain’s platform workers win algorithm transparency. Retrieved from: https://www.socialeurope.eu/spains-platform-workers-win-algorithm-transparency

Arseenko, A., Petrushyna, T. (2020). Features of standard and precarious employment of employees in Ukraine. In: Ukrainian Society: Monitoring Social Change. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: IS NAS of Ukraine. [=Арсєєнко, Петрушина 2020]

Bauman, Z. (2008). Fluid modernity. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg: Piter. [=Бауман 2008]

Beck, U. (2007). Power and its opponents in the age of globalism. New world political economy. [In Russian]. Moscow: Progress-Traditsia, Publishing House "Territory of the Future". [=Бек 2007]

Bell, D. (1999). The coming post-industrial society. Experience of social forecasting. Moscow: Academia. [=Белл 1999]

Bloomberg Reviews Applico’s Modern Monopolies (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.applicoinc.com/blog/applicos-modern-monopolies-reviewed-bloomberg

Boltanski, L., Chiapello, E. (2011) The new spirit of capitalism. [In Russian]. Moscow: New Literary Review. [=Болтански , Кьяпелло 2011]

Castel, R. (2009). Metamorphoses of the social question. Chronicle of wage labor. [In Russian]. St. Petersburg : Aletheya [=Кастель 2009]

Castel, R. (2015). Sign of the Times: Systematizing of Atypical Employment. [In Russian]. Retrieved from: http://left.by/archives/7434 [=Кастель 2015]

Castells, M. (2000) Transformation of Labor and Employment: networkers, unemployed and flexible workers. [In Russian]. In: Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Moscow: SU HSE. Retrieved from: https://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Polit/kastel/04.php [=Кастельс 2000]

Coronavirus and telecommuting: what the state has done (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/researches/koronavirus-i-dystantsiina-robota-shcho-zrobyla-derzhava/ [=Коронавірус 2020]

COVID-19 pandemic kills a quarter of a billion jobs — ILO Report (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/uk/pandemiia-covid-19-sprychynyla-vtratu-chverti-miliarda-robochykh-mists-zvit-mop/a-56340090 [=Пандемія COVID-19 2021]

Crouch, С. (2019). Will the Gig Economy Prevail? Polity. Retrieved from: https://vpered.wordpress.com/2020/03/23/forrester-work/

Delivery Work and the Experience of Social Isolation/ ACM (2021). Retrieved from: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3449138

Demographic and social statistics. Labor market. Employment and unemployment (2020) . Ukrderzhstat. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/menu/menu_u/rp.htm [=Демографічна та соціальна статистика 2020]

Digital economy: trends, risks and social determinants. Report (2020). Kyiv: Rozumkov Center. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/article/2020_digitalization.pdf [=Цифрова економіка 2020]

Digital Labor Platforms: New Opportunities and New Challenges (2021). [In Rusian]. Retrieved from: https://news.un.org/ru/story/2021/02/1397302 [=Цифровые трудовые платформы 2021].

Don't like it? Get down! Or why quarantine has exposed the vulnerability of the gig economy (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/columns/2020/04/3/658901/ [=Не нравится 2021]

ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work (2021). Seventh edition Updated estimates and analysis. Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf

In 2 years the number of Ukrainian freelancers working with foreign clients has increased by 31% — study (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2021/06/17/675126/ [=За 2 роки 2021]

International Labor Conference debates employment implications of pandemic (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://news.un.org/ru/story/2021/06/1404182 [=На Международной конференции 2021]

58% of employees do not mind continuing to work remotely — the study (2020). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2020/09/3/664656 [=58% работников 2020]

Formal employment. In 2020, the business laid off 100,000 more employees than it registered (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://finance.liga.net/pension/novosti/ofitsialnaya-zanyatost-biznes-uvolil-na-100-000-bolshe-sotrudnikov-chem-oformil-v-2020 [=Официальная занятость 2021]

Freelance market in Ukraine: Changes over the last 15 years (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://investory.news/rinok-frilansu-v-ukraini-zmini-za-ostanni-15-rokiv/ [=Ринок фрилансу 2020]

Freelance or death: how to survive a pandemic, five stories (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2020/04/11/658542/ [=Фриланс або смерть 2020]

Gig economy: risks and benefits (2019). Interview. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: http://www.management.com.ua/interview/int562.html [=Гіг-економіка 2019]

Gig Economy Study-2021. Retrieved from: https://brodmin.com/case-studies/gig-economy-case-study/

Habermas, J. (2005). Political works. [In Russian]. Moscow : Praxis . [=Хабермас 2005]

How COVID-19 changed the labor market: salaries, vacancies, freelancers and forecasts for 2021 (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/publications/2021/01/4/669724/ [=Как COVID-19 2021]

How did Ukrainian freelance develop in 2019 (2019). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://news.finance.ua/ru/news/-/462239/kak-razvivalsya-ukrainskij-frilans-v-2019-godu [=Как развивался 2019]

Law of Ukraine № 1213-IX from 04.02.2021 "On amendments to certain legislative acts of Ukraine concerning the improvement of legal regulation of teleworking, homeworking and flexible working". [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1213-20#Text [=Закон України № 1213-IX 2021]

Law of Ukraine № 1667-IX from 15.07.2021 "On stimulating the development of the digital economy in Ukraine". [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1667-20#Text [=Закон України № 1667 2021]

Lyashenko, V. (2018). Digital modernization of Ukraine's economy as an opportunity for breakthrough development. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: NAS of Ukraine, IEI. Retrieved from: https://iie.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/monografiyi/2017/Lyashenko_Vishnevsky_2018.pdf [=Ляшенко 2018]

More than a third of Ukrainians will receive their salaries "in an envelope" (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/treti-ukraintsev-poluchayut-zarplatu-v-konverte-1603815506.html [=Більше третини 2020]

NBU has improved the forecast of unemployment growth in 2021 to 9.1% (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/739632.html [=НБУ поліпшив 2021]

Parker, G. (2017). Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You. [In Russian]. Moscow : Mann, Ivanov and Ferber. [=Паркер 2017]

Petrushyna, T. (2019). Features of standard and non-standard employment of Ukrainian citizens. [In Ukrainian]. In: Ukrainian society: monitoring of social changes. Kyiv: IS of NAS of Ukraine. [=Петрушина 2019]

Pink, D. (2005). Free Agent Nation: How New Independent Workers Are Changing America's Life. [In Russian]. Moscow: Publishing House "Secret Firmy". [=Пинк 2005]

Platform Employment: Definition and Regulation Report (2021). [In Russian]. Moscow: HSE, СMICHP. [=Платформа 2021]

Platform Workers in Europe (2018). Retrieved from: jrc112157_pubsy_platform_workers_in_europe_science_for_policy.pdf

Price comparison: how much is a taxi ride in Kiev today (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://taxiservice.com.ua/kiev/2777-sravnenie-tsen-skolko-segodnya-stoit-poezdka-na-taksi-v-kieve [=Сравнение цен 2021]

Remote work is three times more popular than "classic" — analytics (2020). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2020/10/15/666291/ [=Удаленная работа 2020]

Report on the work and execution of the budget of the Pension Fund of Ukraine for 2020. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/storage/app/sites/1/17-civik-2018/zvit2020/pfu-2zvit-2020.pdf [=Звіт 2020]

Rosenblat, A. (2018). Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

70% of Ukrainian employers are ready to try to switch to a 4-day work week - study (2021). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2021/07/20/676097/ [=70% украинских работодателей 2021]

Shcheglyuk, S. (2020) Morphology of digital economy: features of development and regulation of digital technological platforms (scientific-analytical report). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: http://ird.gov.ua/irdp/e20190301.pdf [Щеглюк 2020].

Taxi Bolt in Ukraine: how to earn 80 thousand a month, where the money goes and what is the average check (2019). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2019/07/9/649477/ [=Таксі Bolt 2019]

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Received 29.10.2021

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