LATEST PRINTED ISSUE

LATEST FREELY ACCESSIBLE MATERIALS

The nature and dimensions of contemporary collaborationism in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine: a sociological interpretation

stmm. 2025 (4): 51-82

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2025.04.051

Full text: https://stmm.in.ua/archive/ukr/2025-4/5.pdf

OLHA BEZRUKOVA, Doctor of Sciences in Sociology, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Вranch Sociology, Faculty of Sociology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (4d / 510a, Acad. Hlushkova Ave., Kyiv, 03680)

o.bezrukova@knu.ua

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4305-6218

OLEKSANDR ZUBCHENKO, PhD in Sociologу, Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Mariupol State University (6, Preobrazhenska St., Kyiv, 03037)

o.zubchenko@mu.edu.ua

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6748-3981

The article presents an attempt at a comprehensive sociological understanding of the phenomenon of collaborationism in the context of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. Collaborationism is examined as a form of deviant social behavior that arises under conditions of external political domination and occupation, manifesting in the conscious cooperation of individuals or social groups with a hostile regime. The authors emphasize the need to expand the legal interpretation of collaborationism by incorporating sociological categories, which allows for consideration of a broad range of motivations, contexts, and forms of such behavior. Through the lens of sociological approaches, collaborationism is analyzed by type: military, political, economic, administrative, cultural-ideological, educational, and socio-domestic. Special attention is given to analyzing the factors contributing to the spread of collaborationist practices in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, including humanitarian vulnerability, infrastructural collapse, political disorientation, post-Soviet cultural inertia, religious influence, and others. Using the example of the temporarily occupied territories in southern Ukraine, the article analyzes the social, cultural, and political formats through which collaborationist practices have spread. To underscore the relevance of the topic, the authors employ both qualitative and quantitative methods to support their theoretical conclusions. The importance of developing state policy based on a differentiated approach to the identification of forms and motivations of collaborationism is substantiated, with the aim of ensuring social cohesion in the context of post-war reintegration.

Keywords: collaborationism, social behavior, occupation, Russian-Ukrainian war

References:

  1. 2015: Political Results - Public Opinion. (2015). Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://dif.org.ua/article/2015-y-politichni-pidsumki-dumka-naselennya

  2. Badyuk, O., Shchetina, Yu. (2024a). "Black Hole for Subsidies": How Much the Occupation of Part of Ukrainian Territories Costs the Kremlin. [In Ukranian]. Radio Svoboda, 02, November. Retrieved from: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/novyny-pryazovya-ekonomika-okupovanykh-terytoriy/33182927.html

  3. Badyuk, O., Shchetina, Yu. (2024b). Mass Theft of Ukrainian Grain: New Allegations Against Occupation Officials. How Will They Be Punished? [In Ukrainian]. Radio Svoboda, 22, August. Retrieved from: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/novyny-pryazovya-kradene-ukrayinske-zerno-nova-sprava-proty-saldo/33087625.html

  4. Berdnik, I., Holovko, M. (2022). Main Guidelines for Distinguishing Collaborative Activities from Related Criminal Offenses. [In Ukrainian]. New Ukrainian Law, 2, 156-162.

  5. Chaltseva, O.M. (2022). The Category of "Collaborationism" as a Multi-Component Narrative in Wartime. [In Ukrainian]. Political Life, 2, 56-60. Retrieved from: https://jpl.donnu.edu.ua/article/view/12184

  6. Cheremisin, O. (2023). Depicting Urban Life During the Occupation of Kherson in 2022 Through Oral History Testimonies. [In Ukrainian]. Southern Archive, XLIV, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.26661/zhv-2022-7-59-13

  7. Collaborationism in Temporarily Occupied Territories: Legal Assessment, Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms, and Reintegration Issues. (2023). Proceedings of the scientific-practical round table. Kharkiv, Oct. 6, 2023. [In Ukrainian]. Odesa: Oldi+.

  8. Collaborationism: International Regulatory Experience, Legal Mechanisms, and Sanctions. Information Brief. (2021). Information and Research Center under the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00XD9Z.pdf [Колабораціонізм 2021]

  9. Collaborative Activities. Article 111-1. (s.a.). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://protocol.ua/ua/kriminalniy_kodeks_ukraini_stattya_111_1/

  10. Convention on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Geneva, 12 August 1949). (s.a.). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_154#Text

  11. Dolhoruchenko, K. (2022). Collaborationism as a Phenomenon of War and a Scientific Concept in Historical-Legal [In Ukrainian]. Research. Scientific Bulletin of the International Humanitarian University. Series: Jurisprudence, 56, 16-19. https://doi.org/10.32841/2307-1745.2022.56.4

  12. Dynamics of Readiness for Territorial Concessions and the Role of the Interpretation of Territorial Concessions. (2025). Press Release. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=1559&page=1

  13. Ferraro, V., Lotta, G., Honchar, M. (2025). How Wars Impact Public Administration and Street-Level Bureaucracy: Teachers and Education Professionals on the Frontlines of the Russian Occupation in Ukraine. SciELO Preprints, January, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.11171 https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.11171

  14. Goldthorpe, J.H., Marshall, G., (1992). Тhe promising future of class analysis: a response to recent critiques. Sociology, 26(3), 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038592026003002

  15. Gordon, B.M. (1980). Collaborationism in France During the Second World War. Cornell University Press.

  16. Gurr, T.R. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  17. Hoffmann, S. (1968). Collaborationism in France during World War II. The Journal of Modern History, 40(3), 375-395. https://doi.org/10.1086/240209

  18. Horobets, V. (2018). Collaboration with the Enemy as a Forced Behavioral Model and Survival Strategy. [In Ukrainian]. Military-Historical Meridian, 3(21), 56-74.

  19. Illarionov, O. (2017). Public Demand for the Prohibition of Collaborationism. [In Ukrainian]. Legal Bulletin of Ukraine, 13, 4.

  20. Kalishchuk, O. (2023). The Phenomenon of Collaborationism in the Legal System of Ukraine: Historical Retrospective and Modern Challenges. [In Ukrainian]. Chronicle of Volyn. All-Ukrainian Scientific Journal, 28, 108-113.

  21. Kedward, R. (1985). Occupied France: Collaboration and Resistance 1940-1944. Wiley-Blackwell.

  22. Klymenko, O. (2016). Features of Social Stratification Processes in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Donbas. Bulletin of NTUU KPI. [In Ukrainian]. Current Issues of the Development of Ukrainian Society, 40, 40-45.

  23. Kryzhnyi, S. (2010). Civil Collaborationism: An Attempt at Sociological Analysis (Kharkiv During the 1941-1943 Occupation). PhD diss., Sociology. [In Ukrainian]. Kharkiv: V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University.

  24. Kryzhnyi, S. (2017). Civil Collaborationism: An Attempt at Sociological Analysis (Kharkiv During the 1941-1943 Occupation). [In Ukrainian]. Kharkiv: Akta.

  25. Kyrylova, K. (2025). Life Among the Ruins: Destruction Grows on Russian-Occupied Ukrainian Territories. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.uaportal.com/ukr/section-mixed/news-ukraine-snyali-ogranicheniya-po-dalnobojnomu-oruzhiyu-top-10-tselej-na-territorii-rossii-27-05-2025.html

  26. Lemberg, Н. (1972). Kollaboration in Europa mit Dritten Reich um das Jahr 1941. In Das Jahr 1941 in europaischen Politik. Vorträge der Tagung des Collogium Carolinum in Weißach am Tegernsee vom 18. bis 21. November 1971. Bad Wiesseer Tagungen des Collegium Carolinum. Hrsg. von K. Bosl. München: Oldenbourg.

  27. Lipset, S.M., (1963). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. New York: Doubleday.

  28. Madajczyk, C. (1994). Kann man in Polen 1939-1945 von Kollaboration sprechen? In Okkupalion unci Kollaboration 1938-1945: Beiträge zu Konzepten und Praxis der Kollaboration in derdeutschen Okkupationspolitik. Hrsg. von W. Röhr. Berlin: Hüthig Berlin.

  29. Minich, A. (2024). Collaborationism: Why People Betray Their Country and How to Prevent It? Dzerkalo Tyzhnia. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zn.ua/ukr/SOCIUM/kolaboratsionizm-chomu-ljudi-zradzhujut-svoju-krajinu-i-jak-tsomu-zapobihti.html

  30. Okhendovskyi, M.V., Magera, A.Y., Usenko-Chorna, Zh.I. et al. (2016). Early Presidential Elections of Ukraine, October 26, 2014: Information and Analytical Publication. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: VAITE. Retrieved from: https://www.cvk.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ViboryPrezidenta2014.pdf

  31. Petition to Zelenskyi Demanding a Draft Law on Collaborationism Gathers Required 25,000 Signatures. (s.a.). [In Ukrainian]. Espreso. Retrieved from: https://espreso.tv/news/2020/11/23/petyciya_do_zelenskogo_z_vymogoyu_zakonoproyektu_pro_kolaboracionizm_nabrala_neobkhidni_dlya_rozglyadu_25_tys_golosiv

  32. Predmestnikov, O.H., Rodionova, N.L., Karpunets, V.D. (2024). Collaborationism as a Socially Dangerous Phenomenon: Legal Analysis and Approaches to Counteraction. [In Ukrainian]. Scientific Perspectives, 6(48).

  33. Pysmenskyi, Ye. (2020). Collaborationism in Contemporary Ukraine as a Criminal-Legal Problem. [In Ukrainian]. Law of Ukraine, January, 116-128.

  34. Rings, W. (1982). Life with the Enemy. Collaboration and Resistance in Hitler's Europe. 1939-1945. Transl. from the German by J. Ml Brownjohn. New York: Doubleday.

  35. Romaniuk, M. (2023). Who Gets the Russian Humanitarian Aid in Nova Kakhovka? [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://novakahovka.city/articles/272449/komu-distayetsya-rosijska-gumanitarka-v-novij-kahovci

  36. Sahaidak, Yu. (2024). Social-Legal and Psychological Aspects of Collaborationism in the Context of the 21st-Century Russo-Ukrainian War. [In Ukrainian]. Legal Psychology, 1, 46-53. https://doi.org/10.33270/03243401.46

  37. Shulha, M. (2018). Failure of the Social Matrix: Monograph. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Institute of Sociology, NAS of Ukraine.

  38. Siomin, S., Komashko, V. (2023). The Modern Paradigm of Collaborationism During the Russian Invasion of Ukraine: A Historical and Legal Analysis. [In Ukrainian]. Law and Public Administration, 4, 195-201. https://doi.org/10.32782/pdu.2023.4.26

  39. Sources of Information, Media Literacy and Russian Propaganda: Results of a Nationwide Public Opinion Survey. (2019). Analytical Report. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://kiis.com.ua/materials/pr/20192505_ruspropaganda/DM-KMIS_Report.pdf

  40. State-Church and Societal-Religious Relations in the Context of Russia's War Against Ukraine. (2023). Analytical Report. Ed. by S.I. Zdioruk. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: NISS.

  41. Telegram channel "Rotten Cherry". (s.a.). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://t.me/gnilayacherexa/397

  42. Telegram channel "SUKY Melitopolya". (2023). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://t.me/suki_melitopolya/158

  43. Turchyn, R. (2025). Collaborationism Under Martial Law in Ukraine: Specific Issues and Ways to Overcome Them. [In Ukrainian]. Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, 1.

  44. Vasylenko, V.A. (2014). The Russo-Ukrainian War of 2014: Causes, Course, and Political-Legal Assessments. [Ukrainian]. Ukrainian Week (special project), 42(362), 28-42.

  45. Yanishevska, K., Kryskо, A. (2022). General Theoretical Aspects and Classification of Collaborationist Activity as a Criminal-Legal Phenomenon. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of NTUU "KPI". Political Science. Sociology. Law, 4, 71-76. https://doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.4(56).269622

  46. Zubchenko, O. (2023). Trade as an Institution of Collaborationism in the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Southern Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Social Technologies: Current Issues of Theory and Practice, 97, 15-30. https://doi.org/10.32840/2707-9147.2023.97.2

  47. Zubchenko, O.S. (2022). Collaborationism in the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Southern Ukraine: A Sociological Perspective. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of NTUU "KPI". Political Science. Sociology. Law, 3(55), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.3(55).269530

  48. Zubchenko, O.S., Serha, T.O. (2024). Socio-Structural Characteristics of Collaborators in the Temporarily Occupied South of Zaporizhzhia Region. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of MSU. Series: Philosophy, Cultural Studies, Sociology, 47, 112-121. https://doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2024-14-27-112-121

Received 05.08.2025

The nature and dimensions of contemporary collaborationism in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine: a sociological interpretation

stmm. 2025 (4): 51-82

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2025.04.051

Full text: https://stmm.in.ua/archive/ukr/2025-4/5.pdf

OLHA BEZRUKOVA, Doctor of Sciences in Sociology, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Вranch Sociology, Faculty of Sociology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (4d / 510a, Acad. Hlushkova Ave., Kyiv, 03680)

o.bezrukova@knu.ua

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4305-6218

OLEKSANDR ZUBCHENKO, PhD in Sociologу, Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy and Sociology, Mariupol State University (6, Preobrazhenska St., Kyiv, 03037)

o.zubchenko@mu.edu.ua

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6748-3981

The article presents an attempt at a comprehensive sociological understanding of the phenomenon of collaborationism in the context of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. Collaborationism is examined as a form of deviant social behavior that arises under conditions of external political domination and occupation, manifesting in the conscious cooperation of individuals or social groups with a hostile regime. The authors emphasize the need to expand the legal interpretation of collaborationism by incorporating sociological categories, which allows for consideration of a broad range of motivations, contexts, and forms of such behavior. Through the lens of sociological approaches, collaborationism is analyzed by type: military, political, economic, administrative, cultural-ideological, educational, and socio-domestic. Special attention is given to analyzing the factors contributing to the spread of collaborationist practices in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, including humanitarian vulnerability, infrastructural collapse, political disorientation, post-Soviet cultural inertia, religious influence, and others. Using the example of the temporarily occupied territories in southern Ukraine, the article analyzes the social, cultural, and political formats through which collaborationist practices have spread. To underscore the relevance of the topic, the authors employ both qualitative and quantitative methods to support their theoretical conclusions. The importance of developing state policy based on a differentiated approach to the identification of forms and motivations of collaborationism is substantiated, with the aim of ensuring social cohesion in the context of post-war reintegration.

Keywords: collaborationism, social behavior, occupation, Russian-Ukrainian war

References:

  1. 2015: Political Results - Public Opinion. (2015). Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://dif.org.ua/article/2015-y-politichni-pidsumki-dumka-naselennya

  2. Badyuk, O., Shchetina, Yu. (2024a). "Black Hole for Subsidies": How Much the Occupation of Part of Ukrainian Territories Costs the Kremlin. [In Ukranian]. Radio Svoboda, 02, November. Retrieved from: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/novyny-pryazovya-ekonomika-okupovanykh-terytoriy/33182927.html

  3. Badyuk, O., Shchetina, Yu. (2024b). Mass Theft of Ukrainian Grain: New Allegations Against Occupation Officials. How Will They Be Punished? [In Ukrainian]. Radio Svoboda, 22, August. Retrieved from: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/novyny-pryazovya-kradene-ukrayinske-zerno-nova-sprava-proty-saldo/33087625.html

  4. Berdnik, I., Holovko, M. (2022). Main Guidelines for Distinguishing Collaborative Activities from Related Criminal Offenses. [In Ukrainian]. New Ukrainian Law, 2, 156-162.

  5. Chaltseva, O.M. (2022). The Category of "Collaborationism" as a Multi-Component Narrative in Wartime. [In Ukrainian]. Political Life, 2, 56-60. Retrieved from: https://jpl.donnu.edu.ua/article/view/12184

  6. Cheremisin, O. (2023). Depicting Urban Life During the Occupation of Kherson in 2022 Through Oral History Testimonies. [In Ukrainian]. Southern Archive, XLIV, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.26661/zhv-2022-7-59-13

  7. Collaborationism in Temporarily Occupied Territories: Legal Assessment, Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms, and Reintegration Issues. (2023). Proceedings of the scientific-practical round table. Kharkiv, Oct. 6, 2023. [In Ukrainian]. Odesa: Oldi+.

  8. Collaborationism: International Regulatory Experience, Legal Mechanisms, and Sanctions. Information Brief. (2021). Information and Research Center under the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00XD9Z.pdf [Колабораціонізм 2021]

  9. Collaborative Activities. Article 111-1. (s.a.). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://protocol.ua/ua/kriminalniy_kodeks_ukraini_stattya_111_1/

  10. Convention on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Geneva, 12 August 1949). (s.a.). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_154#Text

  11. Dolhoruchenko, K. (2022). Collaborationism as a Phenomenon of War and a Scientific Concept in Historical-Legal [In Ukrainian]. Research. Scientific Bulletin of the International Humanitarian University. Series: Jurisprudence, 56, 16-19. https://doi.org/10.32841/2307-1745.2022.56.4

  12. Dynamics of Readiness for Territorial Concessions and the Role of the Interpretation of Territorial Concessions. (2025). Press Release. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=1559&page=1

  13. Ferraro, V., Lotta, G., Honchar, M. (2025). How Wars Impact Public Administration and Street-Level Bureaucracy: Teachers and Education Professionals on the Frontlines of the Russian Occupation in Ukraine. SciELO Preprints, January, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.11171 https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.11171

  14. Goldthorpe, J.H., Marshall, G., (1992). Тhe promising future of class analysis: a response to recent critiques. Sociology, 26(3), 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038592026003002

  15. Gordon, B.M. (1980). Collaborationism in France During the Second World War. Cornell University Press.

  16. Gurr, T.R. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  17. Hoffmann, S. (1968). Collaborationism in France during World War II. The Journal of Modern History, 40(3), 375-395. https://doi.org/10.1086/240209

  18. Horobets, V. (2018). Collaboration with the Enemy as a Forced Behavioral Model and Survival Strategy. [In Ukrainian]. Military-Historical Meridian, 3(21), 56-74.

  19. Illarionov, O. (2017). Public Demand for the Prohibition of Collaborationism. [In Ukrainian]. Legal Bulletin of Ukraine, 13, 4.

  20. Kalishchuk, O. (2023). The Phenomenon of Collaborationism in the Legal System of Ukraine: Historical Retrospective and Modern Challenges. [In Ukrainian]. Chronicle of Volyn. All-Ukrainian Scientific Journal, 28, 108-113.

  21. Kedward, R. (1985). Occupied France: Collaboration and Resistance 1940-1944. Wiley-Blackwell.

  22. Klymenko, O. (2016). Features of Social Stratification Processes in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Donbas. Bulletin of NTUU KPI. [In Ukrainian]. Current Issues of the Development of Ukrainian Society, 40, 40-45.

  23. Kryzhnyi, S. (2010). Civil Collaborationism: An Attempt at Sociological Analysis (Kharkiv During the 1941-1943 Occupation). PhD diss., Sociology. [In Ukrainian]. Kharkiv: V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University.

  24. Kryzhnyi, S. (2017). Civil Collaborationism: An Attempt at Sociological Analysis (Kharkiv During the 1941-1943 Occupation). [In Ukrainian]. Kharkiv: Akta.

  25. Kyrylova, K. (2025). Life Among the Ruins: Destruction Grows on Russian-Occupied Ukrainian Territories. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.uaportal.com/ukr/section-mixed/news-ukraine-snyali-ogranicheniya-po-dalnobojnomu-oruzhiyu-top-10-tselej-na-territorii-rossii-27-05-2025.html

  26. Lemberg, Н. (1972). Kollaboration in Europa mit Dritten Reich um das Jahr 1941. In Das Jahr 1941 in europaischen Politik. Vorträge der Tagung des Collogium Carolinum in Weißach am Tegernsee vom 18. bis 21. November 1971. Bad Wiesseer Tagungen des Collegium Carolinum. Hrsg. von K. Bosl. München: Oldenbourg.

  27. Lipset, S.M., (1963). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. New York: Doubleday.

  28. Madajczyk, C. (1994). Kann man in Polen 1939-1945 von Kollaboration sprechen? In Okkupalion unci Kollaboration 1938-1945: Beiträge zu Konzepten und Praxis der Kollaboration in derdeutschen Okkupationspolitik. Hrsg. von W. Röhr. Berlin: Hüthig Berlin.

  29. Minich, A. (2024). Collaborationism: Why People Betray Their Country and How to Prevent It? Dzerkalo Tyzhnia. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zn.ua/ukr/SOCIUM/kolaboratsionizm-chomu-ljudi-zradzhujut-svoju-krajinu-i-jak-tsomu-zapobihti.html

  30. Okhendovskyi, M.V., Magera, A.Y., Usenko-Chorna, Zh.I. et al. (2016). Early Presidential Elections of Ukraine, October 26, 2014: Information and Analytical Publication. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: VAITE. Retrieved from: https://www.cvk.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ViboryPrezidenta2014.pdf

  31. Petition to Zelenskyi Demanding a Draft Law on Collaborationism Gathers Required 25,000 Signatures. (s.a.). [In Ukrainian]. Espreso. Retrieved from: https://espreso.tv/news/2020/11/23/petyciya_do_zelenskogo_z_vymogoyu_zakonoproyektu_pro_kolaboracionizm_nabrala_neobkhidni_dlya_rozglyadu_25_tys_golosiv

  32. Predmestnikov, O.H., Rodionova, N.L., Karpunets, V.D. (2024). Collaborationism as a Socially Dangerous Phenomenon: Legal Analysis and Approaches to Counteraction. [In Ukrainian]. Scientific Perspectives, 6(48).

  33. Pysmenskyi, Ye. (2020). Collaborationism in Contemporary Ukraine as a Criminal-Legal Problem. [In Ukrainian]. Law of Ukraine, January, 116-128.

  34. Rings, W. (1982). Life with the Enemy. Collaboration and Resistance in Hitler's Europe. 1939-1945. Transl. from the German by J. Ml Brownjohn. New York: Doubleday.

  35. Romaniuk, M. (2023). Who Gets the Russian Humanitarian Aid in Nova Kakhovka? [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://novakahovka.city/articles/272449/komu-distayetsya-rosijska-gumanitarka-v-novij-kahovci

  36. Sahaidak, Yu. (2024). Social-Legal and Psychological Aspects of Collaborationism in the Context of the 21st-Century Russo-Ukrainian War. [In Ukrainian]. Legal Psychology, 1, 46-53. https://doi.org/10.33270/03243401.46

  37. Shulha, M. (2018). Failure of the Social Matrix: Monograph. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Institute of Sociology, NAS of Ukraine.

  38. Siomin, S., Komashko, V. (2023). The Modern Paradigm of Collaborationism During the Russian Invasion of Ukraine: A Historical and Legal Analysis. [In Ukrainian]. Law and Public Administration, 4, 195-201. https://doi.org/10.32782/pdu.2023.4.26

  39. Sources of Information, Media Literacy and Russian Propaganda: Results of a Nationwide Public Opinion Survey. (2019). Analytical Report. [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://kiis.com.ua/materials/pr/20192505_ruspropaganda/DM-KMIS_Report.pdf

  40. State-Church and Societal-Religious Relations in the Context of Russia's War Against Ukraine. (2023). Analytical Report. Ed. by S.I. Zdioruk. [In Ukrainian]. Kyiv: NISS.

  41. Telegram channel "Rotten Cherry". (s.a.). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://t.me/gnilayacherexa/397

  42. Telegram channel "SUKY Melitopolya". (2023). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://t.me/suki_melitopolya/158

  43. Turchyn, R. (2025). Collaborationism Under Martial Law in Ukraine: Specific Issues and Ways to Overcome Them. [In Ukrainian]. Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, 1.

  44. Vasylenko, V.A. (2014). The Russo-Ukrainian War of 2014: Causes, Course, and Political-Legal Assessments. [Ukrainian]. Ukrainian Week (special project), 42(362), 28-42.

  45. Yanishevska, K., Kryskо, A. (2022). General Theoretical Aspects and Classification of Collaborationist Activity as a Criminal-Legal Phenomenon. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of NTUU "KPI". Political Science. Sociology. Law, 4, 71-76. https://doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.4(56).269622

  46. Zubchenko, O. (2023). Trade as an Institution of Collaborationism in the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Southern Ukraine. [In Ukrainian]. Social Technologies: Current Issues of Theory and Practice, 97, 15-30. https://doi.org/10.32840/2707-9147.2023.97.2

  47. Zubchenko, O.S. (2022). Collaborationism in the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Southern Ukraine: A Sociological Perspective. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of NTUU "KPI". Political Science. Sociology. Law, 3(55), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.3(55).269530

  48. Zubchenko, O.S., Serha, T.O. (2024). Socio-Structural Characteristics of Collaborators in the Temporarily Occupied South of Zaporizhzhia Region. [In Ukrainian]. Bulletin of MSU. Series: Philosophy, Cultural Studies, Sociology, 47, 112-121. https://doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2024-14-27-112-121

Received 05.08.2025

LATEST PRINTED ISSUE

LATEST FREELY ACCESSIBLE MATERIALS

} } } } }