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Sociological dimensions of cyberbullying: essence, consequences, and coping strategies

stmm. 2022 (4): 103-120

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2022.04.103

HENNADII KORZHOV, Candidate of Sciences in Sociology (PhD in Sociology), Associate Professor, National Technical University of Ukraine ‘Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute’ (03056, Kyiv, Peremohy ave., 37)

korzhovga@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5459-0702

MAKSYM YENIN, Candidate of Sciences in Sociology (PhD in Sociology), Associate Professor, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” (03056, Kyiv, Peremohy ave., 37)

yeninmaksym@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-2429

The authors of the article based on a review of scientific sources, documents of international organizations, and legislation conducted a comparative analysis of different approaches to the definition of cyberbullying. According to the authors, cyberbullying is individual or group actions of aggression or violence against the individual, harassment using information technology, e-mail, messengers, chats, social networks, websites, mobile phones in order to humiliate, intimidate or cause moral harm. In contrast to traditional bullying, in cyberbullying the advantage of physical strength and higher social status becomes unimportant, while the uneven distribution of technological power increases, time and space constraints disappear, and the emotional threshold of social reactions reduces. Pupils and students are the first to be at risk of being victims of aggression on the Internet. Based on a review of foreign sources, strategies for minimizing and overcoming the negative consequences of cyberbullying at various levels — individual, organizational, institutional and systemic (legal and moral norms) — are considered. According to the authors, cyberbullying is a component of the broader concept of cyberviolence, which includes both proactive and reactive aggressiveness. Based on the data of the research “Prevention of violence against women in online resources during the elections in Ukraine”, it was found that the use of various forms of online violence against women in Ukraine is a common and destructive factor that has a very negative impact on their participation in political life. In this context cyberbullying is based upon historically determined socio-cultural stereotypes, as well as prejudices and myths about the social roles and opportunities of women to participate in civic and political life.

Keywords: bullying; cyberbullying; cyberviolence; aggression; social networks; media; victimization; cybervictimization; social and psychological violence; ageism; deviation

References

Bardall, G., Lylyk, I., Korzhov, H., Buchynsʹka, O., Murombo, G. (2019). Prevention of violence against women in online resources during elections in Ukraine. Social media and political empowerment: an analysis of attitudes towards women in online resources. [in Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Mizhnarodna fundatsiya vyborchykh system [=Бардалл 2019]

Brandau, M., Evanson, T. A. (2018). Adolescent victims emerging from cyberbullying. [in English]. Qualitative Health Research, Vol. 28, Issue 10, 1584–1595.

Chisholm, J. F. (2014). Review of the status of cyberbullying and cyberbullying prevention. [in English]. Journal of Information Systems Education, 25, 77–87.

Cooper A. (1998). Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the new millennium. [in English]. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 1 (2), 187–193.

Council of Europe. Bullying (s.a.) [in English]. Retrieved from: https://www.coe.int/en/web/children/ bullying.

Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it 10 things teens want to know about cyberbullying (s.a.). [In English]. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.cn/en/child-online-protection/10-things-teens-want-to-know-about-cyberbullying

Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY). (2018). Mapping study on cyberviolence. [in English]. Retrieved from: https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-2017-10-cbg-study-provisional/ 16808c4914.

Diaz, F. L. (2016). Trolling & the First Amendment: Protecting Internet Speech in the Era of Cyberbullies & Internet Defamation. [in English]. University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, 135–160.

Duggan, M. Online harassment. [in English]. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/part-1-experiencing-onlineharassment.

European Commission and European Parliament, Brussels (2022). [in English]. Eurobarometer 96.1 (2021). GESIS, Cologne. ZA7846 Data file Version 1.0.0. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13882.

Factum Group Ukraine (2017). Проникновение интернета в Украине. [in Russian]. Retrieved from: https://inau.ua/sites/default/files/file/1801/iv_kvartal_2017.pdf [=Проникновение 2017]

Frydenberg, E., Lewis, R. (2000). Teaching coping to adolescents: When and to whom? [in English]. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 727–745.

Greg-Obi, O., Lylyk, I., Korzhov, H., Buchynska, O. (2019). Online violence against women in politics in Ukraine: An IFES assessment. [in English]. Arlington, VA: International Foundation for Electoral Systems.

Greg-Obi, O., Lylyk, I., Korzhov, G., Buchynska, O. (2019). Manifestations of violence against women in the online space during the elections in Ukraine: analytical review of IFES. [in Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Mizhnarodna fundatsiya vyborchykh system [=Грег-Обі 2019]

Hutson, E. (2016). Cyberbullying in adolescence: A concept analysis. [in English]. Advances in Nursing Science, Vol. 39., 1, 60–70.

Internet in Ukraine (2021). [in Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/ONBHFnz [=Інтернет 2022]

Ivaniy, Y. (2018). Cyberbullying in Ukraine: theoretical and legal aspects. [in Russian]. LegeasiViata, № 9/2, 321, 68–72. [=Иваний 2018]

Katzer, C., Fetchenhauer, D., Belschak, F. (2009). Cyberbullying: Who Are the Victims? A Comparison of Victimization in Internet Chatrooms and Victimization in School. [in English]. Journal of Media Psychology, 21, 25–36.

Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., Hymel, S., Olson, B. F., Waterhouse, T. (2012). The changing face of bullying: An empirical comparison between traditional and internet bullying and victimization. [in English]. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 226–232.

Lim, H., Lee, H. (2021). Cyberbullying: Its social and psychological harms among schoolers. [in English]. International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime, 4 (1), 25–45.

Litwiller, B. J., Brausch, A. M. (2013). Cyber bullying and physical bullying in adolescent suicide: the role of violent behavior and substance use. [in English]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 675–684.

Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Schwan, K., Wiener, J., Craig, W., Beran, T., Pepler, D., Daciuk, J. (2016). The contribution of social support to children and adolescents' self-perception: The mediating role of bullying victimization. [in English]. Children and Youth Services Review, 63, 120–127.

Naydonova, L. A. (2018). Cyberbullying in the teenage ranking of Internet dangers. [in Ukrainian]. Psychological sciences: problems and achievements, 1, 141–159. [=Найдьонова 2018]

Orel, A., Campbell, M., Wozencroft, K., Leong, E., Kimpton, M. (2017). Exploring University students’ coping strategy intentions for cyberbullying. [in English]. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol 32, Issue 3, 446–462.

Panteleeva, N., Kabengele, G. (2018). Cyberbullying as a threat to the psychological and social safety of the individual and society. [in Ukrainian]. Financial space, 4, 125–131. [=Пантелєєва 2018]

Prevention and countermeasures against cyberbullying in children's environment of Ukraine (2020). [in Ukrainian]. Analytical review. The team of the human rights department of the NGO «Docudayz». [=Попередження 2020]

Scheithauer, H., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Pfetsch, J., Hess, M. (2021). Types of Cyberbullying. The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Bullying: A Comprehensive and International Review of Research and Intervention. [in English]. Editor(s): Peter K. Smith, James O’Higgins Norman, 120-138.

Schneider, S., Stueve, A. (2012). Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students. [in English]. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 102, 1, 171–177.

Smith, P., O’Higgins Norman, J. (eds.). (2021). The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Bullying: A Comprehensive and International Review of Research and Intervention. [in English]. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons.

Yenin, M., Korzhov, G. (2021). Network communication: risks and prospects (on the basis of sociological surveys of public opinion in the countries of the European Union). Bulletin of the National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute". Series "Political science. Sociology. Law": collection of sciences works. Kyiv; Odesa: "Helvetika" Publishing House, 1 (49), 22–29. [=Єнін 2021]

UNICEF (2019). Almost a third of Ukrainian teenagers were victims of cyberbullying – UNICEF. [in Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ms.detector.media/sotsmerezhi/post/23450/2019-09-04-mayzhe-tretyna-ukrainskykh-pidlitkiv-buly-zhertvamy-kiberbulingu-yunise.

The Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Countering Bullying" (2019). [in Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2657-19#Text [=Закон 2019]

Received 22.09.2022

Sociological dimensions of cyberbullying: essence, consequences, and coping strategies

stmm. 2022 (4): 103-120

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2022.04.103

HENNADII KORZHOV, Candidate of Sciences in Sociology (PhD in Sociology), Associate Professor, National Technical University of Ukraine ‘Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute’ (03056, Kyiv, Peremohy ave., 37)

korzhovga@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5459-0702

MAKSYM YENIN, Candidate of Sciences in Sociology (PhD in Sociology), Associate Professor, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” (03056, Kyiv, Peremohy ave., 37)

yeninmaksym@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3835-2429

The authors of the article based on a review of scientific sources, documents of international organizations, and legislation conducted a comparative analysis of different approaches to the definition of cyberbullying. According to the authors, cyberbullying is individual or group actions of aggression or violence against the individual, harassment using information technology, e-mail, messengers, chats, social networks, websites, mobile phones in order to humiliate, intimidate or cause moral harm. In contrast to traditional bullying, in cyberbullying the advantage of physical strength and higher social status becomes unimportant, while the uneven distribution of technological power increases, time and space constraints disappear, and the emotional threshold of social reactions reduces. Pupils and students are the first to be at risk of being victims of aggression on the Internet. Based on a review of foreign sources, strategies for minimizing and overcoming the negative consequences of cyberbullying at various levels — individual, organizational, institutional and systemic (legal and moral norms) — are considered. According to the authors, cyberbullying is a component of the broader concept of cyberviolence, which includes both proactive and reactive aggressiveness. Based on the data of the research “Prevention of violence against women in online resources during the elections in Ukraine”, it was found that the use of various forms of online violence against women in Ukraine is a common and destructive factor that has a very negative impact on their participation in political life. In this context cyberbullying is based upon historically determined socio-cultural stereotypes, as well as prejudices and myths about the social roles and opportunities of women to participate in civic and political life.

Keywords: bullying; cyberbullying; cyberviolence; aggression; social networks; media; victimization; cybervictimization; social and psychological violence; ageism; deviation

References

Bardall, G., Lylyk, I., Korzhov, H., Buchynsʹka, O., Murombo, G. (2019). Prevention of violence against women in online resources during elections in Ukraine. Social media and political empowerment: an analysis of attitudes towards women in online resources. [in Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Mizhnarodna fundatsiya vyborchykh system [=Бардалл 2019]

Brandau, M., Evanson, T. A. (2018). Adolescent victims emerging from cyberbullying. [in English]. Qualitative Health Research, Vol. 28, Issue 10, 1584–1595.

Chisholm, J. F. (2014). Review of the status of cyberbullying and cyberbullying prevention. [in English]. Journal of Information Systems Education, 25, 77–87.

Cooper A. (1998). Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the new millennium. [in English]. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 1 (2), 187–193.

Council of Europe. Bullying (s.a.) [in English]. Retrieved from: https://www.coe.int/en/web/children/ bullying.

Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it 10 things teens want to know about cyberbullying (s.a.). [In English]. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.cn/en/child-online-protection/10-things-teens-want-to-know-about-cyberbullying

Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY). (2018). Mapping study on cyberviolence. [in English]. Retrieved from: https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-2017-10-cbg-study-provisional/ 16808c4914.

Diaz, F. L. (2016). Trolling & the First Amendment: Protecting Internet Speech in the Era of Cyberbullies & Internet Defamation. [in English]. University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, 135–160.

Duggan, M. Online harassment. [in English]. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/part-1-experiencing-onlineharassment.

European Commission and European Parliament, Brussels (2022). [in English]. Eurobarometer 96.1 (2021). GESIS, Cologne. ZA7846 Data file Version 1.0.0. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13882.

Factum Group Ukraine (2017). Проникновение интернета в Украине. [in Russian]. Retrieved from: https://inau.ua/sites/default/files/file/1801/iv_kvartal_2017.pdf [=Проникновение 2017]

Frydenberg, E., Lewis, R. (2000). Teaching coping to adolescents: When and to whom? [in English]. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 727–745.

Greg-Obi, O., Lylyk, I., Korzhov, H., Buchynska, O. (2019). Online violence against women in politics in Ukraine: An IFES assessment. [in English]. Arlington, VA: International Foundation for Electoral Systems.

Greg-Obi, O., Lylyk, I., Korzhov, G., Buchynska, O. (2019). Manifestations of violence against women in the online space during the elections in Ukraine: analytical review of IFES. [in Ukrainian]. Kyiv: Mizhnarodna fundatsiya vyborchykh system [=Грег-Обі 2019]

Hutson, E. (2016). Cyberbullying in adolescence: A concept analysis. [in English]. Advances in Nursing Science, Vol. 39., 1, 60–70.

Internet in Ukraine (2021). [in Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cutt.ly/ONBHFnz [=Інтернет 2022]

Ivaniy, Y. (2018). Cyberbullying in Ukraine: theoretical and legal aspects. [in Russian]. LegeasiViata, № 9/2, 321, 68–72. [=Иваний 2018]

Katzer, C., Fetchenhauer, D., Belschak, F. (2009). Cyberbullying: Who Are the Victims? A Comparison of Victimization in Internet Chatrooms and Victimization in School. [in English]. Journal of Media Psychology, 21, 25–36.

Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., Hymel, S., Olson, B. F., Waterhouse, T. (2012). The changing face of bullying: An empirical comparison between traditional and internet bullying and victimization. [in English]. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 226–232.

Lim, H., Lee, H. (2021). Cyberbullying: Its social and psychological harms among schoolers. [in English]. International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime, 4 (1), 25–45.

Litwiller, B. J., Brausch, A. M. (2013). Cyber bullying and physical bullying in adolescent suicide: the role of violent behavior and substance use. [in English]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 675–684.

Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Schwan, K., Wiener, J., Craig, W., Beran, T., Pepler, D., Daciuk, J. (2016). The contribution of social support to children and adolescents' self-perception: The mediating role of bullying victimization. [in English]. Children and Youth Services Review, 63, 120–127.

Naydonova, L. A. (2018). Cyberbullying in the teenage ranking of Internet dangers. [in Ukrainian]. Psychological sciences: problems and achievements, 1, 141–159. [=Найдьонова 2018]

Orel, A., Campbell, M., Wozencroft, K., Leong, E., Kimpton, M. (2017). Exploring University students’ coping strategy intentions for cyberbullying. [in English]. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol 32, Issue 3, 446–462.

Panteleeva, N., Kabengele, G. (2018). Cyberbullying as a threat to the psychological and social safety of the individual and society. [in Ukrainian]. Financial space, 4, 125–131. [=Пантелєєва 2018]

Prevention and countermeasures against cyberbullying in children's environment of Ukraine (2020). [in Ukrainian]. Analytical review. The team of the human rights department of the NGO «Docudayz». [=Попередження 2020]

Scheithauer, H., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Pfetsch, J., Hess, M. (2021). Types of Cyberbullying. The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Bullying: A Comprehensive and International Review of Research and Intervention. [in English]. Editor(s): Peter K. Smith, James O’Higgins Norman, 120-138.

Schneider, S., Stueve, A. (2012). Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students. [in English]. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 102, 1, 171–177.

Smith, P., O’Higgins Norman, J. (eds.). (2021). The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Bullying: A Comprehensive and International Review of Research and Intervention. [in English]. Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons.

Yenin, M., Korzhov, G. (2021). Network communication: risks and prospects (on the basis of sociological surveys of public opinion in the countries of the European Union). Bulletin of the National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute". Series "Political science. Sociology. Law": collection of sciences works. Kyiv; Odesa: "Helvetika" Publishing House, 1 (49), 22–29. [=Єнін 2021]

UNICEF (2019). Almost a third of Ukrainian teenagers were victims of cyberbullying – UNICEF. [in Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ms.detector.media/sotsmerezhi/post/23450/2019-09-04-mayzhe-tretyna-ukrainskykh-pidlitkiv-buly-zhertvamy-kiberbulingu-yunise.

The Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Countering Bullying" (2019). [in Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2657-19#Text [=Закон 2019]

Received 22.09.2022

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