Scientific Journal "Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing"
LATEST PRINTED ISSUE
LATEST FREELY ACCESSIBLE MATERIALS
The labor market and employment during the war: state and prospects
stmm. 2022 (4): 56-75
DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2022.04.056
OLENA IVANENKO, Candidate of Sciences in Philosophy, Senior Research Fellow at the Department Economic Sociology, Institute of Sociology, NAS of Ukraine (12, Shovkovychna St., Kyiv, 01021)
olenaivanenko@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3635-1078
The article deals with changes in the employment market taking place during the war, its state and future prospects.
The changes that have taken place in the employment market in the 21st century, in particular, the transformation of its structure and modes of labor activity due to globalization processes, and recently the practices of remote work through Internet networks and digital platforms that have become familiar and traditional and have grown during quarantine restrictions, after February 24, turned out to be perhaps the most stable and tenacious form of employment for the population of Ukraine. Improving the legal framework for these forms of employment minimizes job losses and guarantees earnings, including the IT sector, where Ukraine is not the last actor not only during the war, but also in the post-war perspective.
Large-scale destruction of industrial and other enterprises, transport and other infrastructure in the country, the curtailment of small and medium-sized businesses, the outflow of skilled labor abroad, an increase of the number of internally displaced persons, etc. dealt a tangible blow to the employment market, causing an imbalance between the supply and demand for jobs, the fall of wages, and increased impoverishment among the most vulnerable segments of the population. Based on the materials of sociological research and public opinion polls the article shows the dynamics of changes in the employment market during the war and identifies prospects if hostilities in the country drag on for a long time. At the same time, in order to counteract this, the state is trying to take all possible measures to minimize the negative consequences of the war and help maintain the human potential of Ukraine by introducing various support programs. Taking into account the experience of the post-war reconstruction of the Balkan region countries can serve as a good example of how to avoid miscalculations in this direction.
Keywords: employment, employment market, jobs, internally displaced persons, refugees, unemployment
References
Almost 2.5 million people have returned to Ukraine since the end of February — UN. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/06/16/7352751/#:~:text [=З кінця лютого в Україну, 2022].
Attracting of international aid and directing it to the goals of post-war economic reconstruction (International experience and conclusions for Ukraine). (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.growford.org.ua/research/zaluchennya-mizhnarodnoyi-dopomogyta-yiyi-spryamuvannya-na-tsili-pislyavoyennoyi-vidbudovy-ekonomiky-mizhnarodnyj-dosvid-i-vysnovky-dlya-ukrayiny/ [=Залучення міжнародної допомоги, 2022].
Coronavirus and telecommuting: what the state has done. (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/researches/koronavirus-i-dystantsiina-robota-shcho-zrobyla-derzhava/ [=Коронавірус і дистанційна робота, 2020].
Covid, quarantine and the labor market in the cities of Ukraine. (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://voxukraine.org/uk/kovid-karantin-ta-rinok-pratsi-v-mistah-ukrayini/ [=Ковід, карантин та ринок, 2020].
Demand for working specialties is growing in Ukraine — study. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/06/13/688077/ [=В Украине растет спрос, 2022].
Draft Plan for the Recovery of Ukraine of the National Council for the Reconstruction of Ukraine from the Consequences of the War. Precedings of the working group "Recovery and development of the economy". (2022) . [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/storage/app/sites/1/recoveryrada/ua/economic-recovery-and-development.pdf [=Проект Плану, 2022].
Employers who employed migrants received more than 37 million of compensation from the state. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/07/28/689760/ [=Работодатели, 2022].
Fifteenth national survey. Ukraine during the war. Employment and earnings. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ratinggroup.ua/ru/research/ukraine/pyatnadcat_obschenaci_opros_ukraina_vo_vremya_voyny_zanyatost_i_dohody_23-24_iyulya_2022_goda.html [=П’ятнадцяте загальнонаціональне опитування, 2022].
Find a job during the war. How the labor market has changed in Ukraine. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/publications/2022/06/14/688116/ [=Найти работу во время войны, 2022].
Fourteenth National Survey: Psychological Markers of War. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ratinggroup.ua/ru/research/ukraine/chetyrnadcatyy_obschenacionalnyy_opros_psihologicheskie_markery_voyny_18-19_iyunya_2022.html [=Чотирнадцяте загальнонаціональне опитування, 2022].
Freelance market in Ukraine: Changes over the last 15 years. (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://investory.news/rinok-frilansu-v-ukraini-zmini-za-ostanni-15-rokiv/ [=Ринок фрилансу, 2020].
In five months the export of IT services grew by 27% despite the war — Opendatabot. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/07/6/688894/ [=За пять месяцев, 2022].
In 2 years the number of Ukrainian freelancers working with foreign clients has increased by 31% — study (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2021/06/17/675126/ [=За 2 роки, 2021].
In which countries do Ukrainians seek refuge from the war? (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ukrainian.voanews.com/a/de-ukraiinci-shukaiiut-prytulok-vid-viiny-za-kodonom/6615534.html [=В яких країнах, 2022].
Ivanenko O. (2021). Ukrainian gigonomics: transformation of employment, risks and prospects [In Ukrainian]. Sociology: theory, methods, marketing, № 4. [=Іваненко,, 2021].
Most vacancies are in stores — study. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/06/16/688229/ [=Больше всего вакансий, 2022].
Nearly 5 million jobs have been lost in Ukraine since the start of the Russian aggression, says ILO. (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_844625/lang--en/index.html
RAU special project and robota.ua: how the labor market in retail has changed during the war. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://rau.ua/ru/news/specproekt-rau-i-robota-ua/ [=Спецпроект RAU и robota.ua, 2022].
Richer Sounds founder bankrolls push to end zero-hours contracts. (2020). Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/19/richer-sounds-founder-bankrolls-push-to-end-zero-hours-contracts
Report on internal displacement in Ukraine. Survey of the general population. Round 5. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ukraine.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1861/files/documents/iom_gen-pop-report_r5_ukr.pdf [=Звіт про внутрішнє переміщення в Україні, 2022].
Research “Post-war economic recovery of Ukraine”. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cpd.com.ua/Research_UA_economic_reconstruction.pdf [=Дослідження, 2022].
The Council adopted a law for freelancers. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/07/19/689307/ [=Рада ухвалила, 2022].
The impact of the war on Ukrainian business. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://grc.ua/article/30173 [=Вплив війни, 2022].
The labor market during the war: do Ukrainians have a chances to find a new job. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.unian.ua/economics/other/rinok-praci-pid-chas-viyni-chi-ye-u-ukrajinciv-shansi-znayti-sobi-novu-robotu-ostanni-novini-11868372 .html#id-836041971 [=Ринок праці під час війни, 2022].
The State Employment Center listed the conditions for participation in projects in eRobota program. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://buh.ligazakon.net/news/212444_derzhavniy-tsentr-zaynyatost-perelchiv-umovi-uchast-v-proektakh-za-programoyu-robota [=Державний центр зайнятості, 2022]
They will not only deliver, but also help: how Uber, Uklon and Bolt work during the war. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://economics.segodnya.ua/economics/transport/ne-tolko-dovezut-no-i-pomogut-kak-vo-vremya-voyny-rabotayut-uber-uklon-i-bolt-1608023.html [=Не только довезут, 2022].
Uklon co-founder Sergey Smus’: There are more drivers than before the war and fewer orders. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/publications/2022/07/7/688933/ [=Соучредитель Uklon, 2022].
Ukrainian refugees in Europe. A study of the behavior and attitudes of Ukrainians who were forced to leave for Europe because of the war in Ukraine. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://4service.group/ukrayinski-bizhentsi-v-yevropi-doslidzhennya-povedinki-ta-nastroyiv-ukrayintsiv-shho-vimusheni-buli-viyihali-v-yevropu-vnaslidok-vijni-v-ukrayini/ [=Українські біженці в Європі, 2022].
Ukrainians are ready to learn a new profession in order to find a job — survey. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/06/7/687898/ [=Украинцы готовы овладеть, 2022].
Ukrainians began to look for work 4 times more actively — research. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/06/27/688589/ [=Украинцы стали искать, 2022].
Unemployment in Ukraine: why the number of officially unemployed has decreased and what situation will be on the labor market after the war. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2022/06/04/stattja/suspilstvo/bezrobittya-ukrayini-chomu-kilkist-oficzijno-bezrobitnyx-zmenshylasya-ta-yaka-bude-sytuacziya-rynku-praczi-pislya -vijny#google_vignette [=Безробіття в Україні, 2022].
Wartime Labor Market in Figures and Facts, EBA. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://eba.com.ua/rynok-pratsi-voyennogo-chasu-u-tsyfrah-ta-faktah/ [=Ринок праці воєнного часу, 2022].
What enterprises were most affected by the Russian invaders? List of assets [In Russian]. (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/ukr/publications/2022/04/12/685601/ [=Какие предприятия, 2022].
Received 08.08.2022
The labor market and employment during the war: state and prospects
stmm. 2022 (4): 56-75
DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2022.04.056
OLENA IVANENKO, Candidate of Sciences in Philosophy, Senior Research Fellow at the Department Economic Sociology, Institute of Sociology, NAS of Ukraine (12, Shovkovychna St., Kyiv, 01021)
olenaivanenko@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3635-1078
The article deals with changes in the employment market taking place during the war, its state and future prospects.
The changes that have taken place in the employment market in the 21st century, in particular, the transformation of its structure and modes of labor activity due to globalization processes, and recently the practices of remote work through Internet networks and digital platforms that have become familiar and traditional and have grown during quarantine restrictions, after February 24, turned out to be perhaps the most stable and tenacious form of employment for the population of Ukraine. Improving the legal framework for these forms of employment minimizes job losses and guarantees earnings, including the IT sector, where Ukraine is not the last actor not only during the war, but also in the post-war perspective.
Large-scale destruction of industrial and other enterprises, transport and other infrastructure in the country, the curtailment of small and medium-sized businesses, the outflow of skilled labor abroad, an increase of the number of internally displaced persons, etc. dealt a tangible blow to the employment market, causing an imbalance between the supply and demand for jobs, the fall of wages, and increased impoverishment among the most vulnerable segments of the population. Based on the materials of sociological research and public opinion polls the article shows the dynamics of changes in the employment market during the war and identifies prospects if hostilities in the country drag on for a long time. At the same time, in order to counteract this, the state is trying to take all possible measures to minimize the negative consequences of the war and help maintain the human potential of Ukraine by introducing various support programs. Taking into account the experience of the post-war reconstruction of the Balkan region countries can serve as a good example of how to avoid miscalculations in this direction.
Keywords: employment, employment market, jobs, internally displaced persons, refugees, unemployment
References
Almost 2.5 million people have returned to Ukraine since the end of February — UN. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/06/16/7352751/#:~:text [=З кінця лютого в Україну, 2022].
Attracting of international aid and directing it to the goals of post-war economic reconstruction (International experience and conclusions for Ukraine). (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.growford.org.ua/research/zaluchennya-mizhnarodnoyi-dopomogyta-yiyi-spryamuvannya-na-tsili-pislyavoyennoyi-vidbudovy-ekonomiky-mizhnarodnyj-dosvid-i-vysnovky-dlya-ukrayiny/ [=Залучення міжнародної допомоги, 2022].
Coronavirus and telecommuting: what the state has done. (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cedos.org.ua/researches/koronavirus-i-dystantsiina-robota-shcho-zrobyla-derzhava/ [=Коронавірус і дистанційна робота, 2020].
Covid, quarantine and the labor market in the cities of Ukraine. (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://voxukraine.org/uk/kovid-karantin-ta-rinok-pratsi-v-mistah-ukrayini/ [=Ковід, карантин та ринок, 2020].
Demand for working specialties is growing in Ukraine — study. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/06/13/688077/ [=В Украине растет спрос, 2022].
Draft Plan for the Recovery of Ukraine of the National Council for the Reconstruction of Ukraine from the Consequences of the War. Precedings of the working group "Recovery and development of the economy". (2022) . [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/storage/app/sites/1/recoveryrada/ua/economic-recovery-and-development.pdf [=Проект Плану, 2022].
Employers who employed migrants received more than 37 million of compensation from the state. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/07/28/689760/ [=Работодатели, 2022].
Fifteenth national survey. Ukraine during the war. Employment and earnings. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ratinggroup.ua/ru/research/ukraine/pyatnadcat_obschenaci_opros_ukraina_vo_vremya_voyny_zanyatost_i_dohody_23-24_iyulya_2022_goda.html [=П’ятнадцяте загальнонаціональне опитування, 2022].
Find a job during the war. How the labor market has changed in Ukraine. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/publications/2022/06/14/688116/ [=Найти работу во время войны, 2022].
Fourteenth National Survey: Psychological Markers of War. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ratinggroup.ua/ru/research/ukraine/chetyrnadcatyy_obschenacionalnyy_opros_psihologicheskie_markery_voyny_18-19_iyunya_2022.html [=Чотирнадцяте загальнонаціональне опитування, 2022].
Freelance market in Ukraine: Changes over the last 15 years. (2020). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://investory.news/rinok-frilansu-v-ukraini-zmini-za-ostanni-15-rokiv/ [=Ринок фрилансу, 2020].
In five months the export of IT services grew by 27% despite the war — Opendatabot. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/07/6/688894/ [=За пять месяцев, 2022].
In 2 years the number of Ukrainian freelancers working with foreign clients has increased by 31% — study (2021). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2021/06/17/675126/ [=За 2 роки, 2021].
In which countries do Ukrainians seek refuge from the war? (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ukrainian.voanews.com/a/de-ukraiinci-shukaiiut-prytulok-vid-viiny-za-kodonom/6615534.html [=В яких країнах, 2022].
Ivanenko O. (2021). Ukrainian gigonomics: transformation of employment, risks and prospects [In Ukrainian]. Sociology: theory, methods, marketing, № 4. [=Іваненко,, 2021].
Most vacancies are in stores — study. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/06/16/688229/ [=Больше всего вакансий, 2022].
Nearly 5 million jobs have been lost in Ukraine since the start of the Russian aggression, says ILO. (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_844625/lang--en/index.html
RAU special project and robota.ua: how the labor market in retail has changed during the war. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://rau.ua/ru/news/specproekt-rau-i-robota-ua/ [=Спецпроект RAU и robota.ua, 2022].
Richer Sounds founder bankrolls push to end zero-hours contracts. (2020). Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/19/richer-sounds-founder-bankrolls-push-to-end-zero-hours-contracts
Report on internal displacement in Ukraine. Survey of the general population. Round 5. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://ukraine.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1861/files/documents/iom_gen-pop-report_r5_ukr.pdf [=Звіт про внутрішнє переміщення в Україні, 2022].
Research “Post-war economic recovery of Ukraine”. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://cpd.com.ua/Research_UA_economic_reconstruction.pdf [=Дослідження, 2022].
The Council adopted a law for freelancers. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/07/19/689307/ [=Рада ухвалила, 2022].
The impact of the war on Ukrainian business. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://grc.ua/article/30173 [=Вплив війни, 2022].
The labor market during the war: do Ukrainians have a chances to find a new job. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.unian.ua/economics/other/rinok-praci-pid-chas-viyni-chi-ye-u-ukrajinciv-shansi-znayti-sobi-novu-robotu-ostanni-novini-11868372 .html#id-836041971 [=Ринок праці під час війни, 2022].
The State Employment Center listed the conditions for participation in projects in eRobota program. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://buh.ligazakon.net/news/212444_derzhavniy-tsentr-zaynyatost-perelchiv-umovi-uchast-v-proektakh-za-programoyu-robota [=Державний центр зайнятості, 2022]
They will not only deliver, but also help: how Uber, Uklon and Bolt work during the war. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://economics.segodnya.ua/economics/transport/ne-tolko-dovezut-no-i-pomogut-kak-vo-vremya-voyny-rabotayut-uber-uklon-i-bolt-1608023.html [=Не только довезут, 2022].
Uklon co-founder Sergey Smus’: There are more drivers than before the war and fewer orders. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/publications/2022/07/7/688933/ [=Соучредитель Uklon, 2022].
Ukrainian refugees in Europe. A study of the behavior and attitudes of Ukrainians who were forced to leave for Europe because of the war in Ukraine. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://4service.group/ukrayinski-bizhentsi-v-yevropi-doslidzhennya-povedinki-ta-nastroyiv-ukrayintsiv-shho-vimusheni-buli-viyihali-v-yevropu-vnaslidok-vijni-v-ukrayini/ [=Українські біженці в Європі, 2022].
Ukrainians are ready to learn a new profession in order to find a job — survey. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/06/7/687898/ [=Украинцы готовы овладеть, 2022].
Ukrainians began to look for work 4 times more actively — research. (2022). [In Russian]. Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2022/06/27/688589/ [=Украинцы стали искать, 2022].
Unemployment in Ukraine: why the number of officially unemployed has decreased and what situation will be on the labor market after the war. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2022/06/04/stattja/suspilstvo/bezrobittya-ukrayini-chomu-kilkist-oficzijno-bezrobitnyx-zmenshylasya-ta-yaka-bude-sytuacziya-rynku-praczi-pislya -vijny#google_vignette [=Безробіття в Україні, 2022].
Wartime Labor Market in Figures and Facts, EBA. (2022). [In Ukrainian]. Retrieved from: https://eba.com.ua/rynok-pratsi-voyennogo-chasu-u-tsyfrah-ta-faktah/ [=Ринок праці воєнного часу, 2022].
What enterprises were most affected by the Russian invaders? List of assets [In Russian]. (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.epravda.com.ua/ukr/publications/2022/04/12/685601/ [=Какие предприятия, 2022].
Received 08.08.2022
LATEST PRINTED ISSUE
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