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Inclusive modernization and contradictions of value change in East European countries in 1990-2000s

stmm. 2019 (2): 70-97

UDC 316.42

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2019.02.070

Yurii Savelyev - doctor of sociological sciences, candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor of department of methodology and methods of sociological research at faculty of sociology of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2023-4472

Scopus Author ID:57189896685

Abstract. The paper aims to acquaint Ukrainian sociologists with the research findings regarding modernisation processes and changes in value systems, which were happening in post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe during profound societal transformations of the 1990s and the first half of the 2000s. The analysis demonstrates that modernisation is a permanent, relative, non-linear and antinomic process. Antinomies of modernity are linked to the emancipation process and the corresponding change in value orientations in society. Emancipation, which is unfolding against a backdrop of improving the quality of life, is accompanied by the rise of personal responsibility for choices being made, as well as by threats to individual freedom. This brings into sharp focus the inclusiveness of modernisation. On the other hand, unfavourable socio-economic environment along with declining sense of existential security may lead to de-modernisation, which is coupled with shrinking tolerance and dwindling willingness to accept others, receding trust in democratic institutions, disruptions to rational communication in society, weaker support for emancipative values and adherence to materialistic ones.

The estimate of effects related to a certain historical period and generational turnover through intra- and inter-cohort components of social change, which was made using statistical modelling, has shown that socialisation is a key factor explaining continuity of the modernisation trend — since there are cohort differences in value orientations formed during a gradual improvement of the quality of life in the preceding period. In 13 post-socialist countries, there is a tendency for emancipative values to spread due to socialisation; however, in a few of them a statistically significant inter-cohort component is combined with adverse contextual factors.

Thus, even though European integration has proved to be quite an effective strategy for modernisation in most post-socialist Eastern European countries, it is not an irreversible process. Such a perspective helps to better understand the contradictory nature of transformations taking place in Eastern Europe, particularly in Ukrainian society.

Keywords: inclusive modernisation, values, social change, de-modernisation, Eastern European countries

__Publication in: ukr | rus

References

Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.30541/v51i3pp.276-278

Altvater, E. (1998). Theoretical deliberations on time and space in post-socialist transformation. Regional Studies, 32(7), 591–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409850119490

Alwin, D. F., McCammon, R. J. (2003). Generations, cohorts, and social change. In J. T. Mortimer, & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 23–49). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_2

Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.

Bendix, R. (1977). _N_ation-building and citizenship: Studies of our changing social order (Rev. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315125107

Berger, P. (1990). Facing up to modernity. [In Russian]. Sociological Studies, 7, 127–133. [= Бергер 1990]

Blokker, P. (2005). Post-communist modernization, transition studies, and diversity in Europe. European Journal of Social Theory, 8(4), 503–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431005059703.

Cohen, S. F. (2001). Failed crusade: America and the tragedy of post-communist Russia (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.

Dahrendorf, R. (1992). Democracy and modernity: Notes on the European experience. In S. N. Eisenstadt (Ed.), Democracy and modernity: International colloquium on the centenary of David Ben-Gurion (pp. 15–19). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.

Deutsch, K. W. (1961). Social mobilization and political development. American Political Science Review, 55(3), 493–514. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055400125134.

Eisenstadt, S. N. (2010). Modernity and modernisation. Sociopedia.isa. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.net/isa/resources/pdf/Modernity.pdf.

Firebaugh, G. (1989). Methods for estimating cohort replacement effects. Sociological Methodology, 19, 243–262. https://doi.org/10.2307/270954.

Foucault, M. (1965). Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.

Foucault, M. (1978). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.

GESIS — Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften. Datenarchiv für Sozialwissenschaften (2015). European Values Study longitudinal data file 1981–2008, ZA4804. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.12253

Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Habermas, J. (2003). Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne. [In Russian]. Moscow, Russian Federation: Ves Mir. [= Хабермас 2003]

Harrison, D. H. (1988). The sociology of modernization and development. Crows Nest, Australia: Unwin Hyman.

Häyrinen-Alestalo, M. (2001). Is knowledge-based society a relevant strategy for civil society? Current Sociology, 49(4), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392101049004011.

Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Inglehart, R., Haerpfer, C., Moreno, A., Welzel, Ch., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano, J., ... Puranen, B. (Eds.). (2014). World Values Survey: Round six — country-pooled datafile version. Madrid, Spain: JD Systems Institute. Retrieved from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp.

Inglehart, R., & Welzel, Ch. (2005). Modernization, cultural change and democracy: The human development sequence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680610668081

Inglehart, R., & Welzel, Ch. (2010). Changing mass priorities: The link between modernization and democracy. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 551–567. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001258.

Inkeles, A., & Smith, D. H. (1974). Becoming modern: Individual change in six developing countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674499348

Janos, A. C. (1994). Continuity and change in Eastern Europe: Strategies of post-communist politics. East European Politics and Societies, and Cultures, 8(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325494008001001.

Kapustin, B. (2003). Modernity’s failure/post-modernity’s predicament: The case of Russia. Critical Horizons: A Journal of Philosophy and Social Theory, 4(1), 99–145. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851603765200230.

Lerner, D. (1968). Modernization: Social aspects. In D. L. Sills, & R. K. Merton (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences in 19 vol. Vol. 9 (рр. 386–394). New York, NY: Macmillan & Free Press.

Levy, M. J., Jr. (1996). Modernization and the structure of societies in 2 vol. Vol. 1. The organizational contexts of societies. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Lipset, S. M., & Bendix, R. (1959). Social mobility in industrial society. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Martinelli, A. (2005). Global modernization: Rethinking the project of modernity. London, England: SAGE Publications.

Medvedev, S. (2014, November 26). Donetsk-style jihad: How the DPR is similar to the “Islamic State”. [In Russian]. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.ru/mneniya-column/tsennosti/274247-chem-dnr-pokhozha-na-islamskoe-gosudarstvo-i-kolumbiiskikh-partizan. [= Медведев 2014]

Müller, K. (1992). “Modernizing” Eastern Europe: Theoretical problems and political dilemmas. European Journal of Sociology, 33(1), 109–150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000397560000638X.

North, D. C., Wallis, J. J., & Weingast, B. R. (2009). Violence and social orders: A conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511575839

Parsons, T. (1971). The system of modern societies. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Piketty, Th. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.7202/1035112ar

Ritzer, G. (2000). The McDonaldization of society (Rev. ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social theory and global culture. London, England: SAGE Publications.

Savelyev, Yu. (2011). European integration and differences in development tracks of East European borderland. Proceedings of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”. Sociological Science, 122, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2803927.

Savelyev, Yu. (2013). Modernization and pseudomorphosis: The case of the forced gender transformation in the context of the communist project of modernization and its collapse. RSC: Research in Social Change, 5(1), 65–93.

Savelyev, Yu. B. (2015a). Cohort analysis and the problem of delimiting components of social change: The method of linear trend decomposition. [In Russian]. _Sociological Studies_, 10, 130–135. [= Савельев 2015a]

Savelyev, Yu. B. (2015b). Social inclusion and exclusion as forms of social interaction: The heuristic potential of sociological concepts. [In Ukrainian]. Ukrainian Society, 4 (55), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2727323 [= Савельєв 2015b]

Savelyev, Yu. (2016). Decomposition of value change in European societies in 1995–2008: Test of modernization model and socialization hypothesis. Sociológia, 48(3), 267–289.

Savelyev, Yu. B. (2017). Multidimensional modernity: Social inclusion in the assessment of social progress. [In Ukrainian].Kyiv, Ukraine: Kyiv University Press. [= Савельєв 2017]

Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

Sztompka, P. (1993). Civilizational incompetence: The trap of post-communist societies. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 22(2), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-1993-0201.

Sztompka, P. (1996). The _sociology of_ _social_ _c_hange. [In Russian].Moscow, Russian Federation: Aspect Press. [= Штомпка 1996]

Therborn, G. (2003). Entangled modernities. European Journal of Social Theory, 6(3), 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310030063002.

Tiryakian, E. A. (1995). Modernization in a millenarian decade: Lessons for and from Eastern Europe. In B. Grancelli (Ed.), Social change and modernization: Lessons from Eastern Europe (pp. 249–264). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884470.249

Touraine, A. (2009). Thinking differently. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.

United Nations Development Programme. (2007). Human Development Report 2007–2008. Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. https://doi.org/10.18356/6d252f18-en.

Wagner, P. (1994). A sociology of modernity: Liberty and discipline. London, England: Routledge.

Wallerstein, І. (2000). Globalization or the age of transition? A long-term view of the trajectory of the world-system. International Sociology, 15(2), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002007.

Welzel, Ch., Inglehart, R., Alexander, A., & Ponarin, E. (2012). Disentangling the ties between culture and institutions: How human emancipation exemplifies this phenomenon. [In Russian]. _The Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology_, XV(4), 12–43. [= Вельцель 2012]

Welzel, Ch., Inglehart, R., Klingemann, H-D. (2003). The theory of human development: A cross-cultural analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 42(3), 341–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00086.

Zapf, W. (1998). Die Modernisierungstheorie und unterschiedliche Pfade der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung. [In Russian]. _Sociological Studies_, 8, 14–26. [= Цапф 1998]

Zhang, F., & He, Ch. (2015). World modernization indexes 1950 to 2010. In A. Martinelli, & Ch. He (Eds.), Global modernization review: New discoveries and theories _revisite_d (pp. 131–136). Singapore: World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814616072_0015

Inclusive modernization and contradictions of value change in East European countries in 1990-2000s

stmm. 2019 (2): 70-97

UDC 316.42

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/sociology2019.02.070

Yurii Savelyev - doctor of sociological sciences, candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor of department of methodology and methods of sociological research at faculty of sociology of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2023-4472

Scopus Author ID:57189896685

Abstract. The paper aims to acquaint Ukrainian sociologists with the research findings regarding modernisation processes and changes in value systems, which were happening in post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe during profound societal transformations of the 1990s and the first half of the 2000s. The analysis demonstrates that modernisation is a permanent, relative, non-linear and antinomic process. Antinomies of modernity are linked to the emancipation process and the corresponding change in value orientations in society. Emancipation, which is unfolding against a backdrop of improving the quality of life, is accompanied by the rise of personal responsibility for choices being made, as well as by threats to individual freedom. This brings into sharp focus the inclusiveness of modernisation. On the other hand, unfavourable socio-economic environment along with declining sense of existential security may lead to de-modernisation, which is coupled with shrinking tolerance and dwindling willingness to accept others, receding trust in democratic institutions, disruptions to rational communication in society, weaker support for emancipative values and adherence to materialistic ones.

The estimate of effects related to a certain historical period and generational turnover through intra- and inter-cohort components of social change, which was made using statistical modelling, has shown that socialisation is a key factor explaining continuity of the modernisation trend — since there are cohort differences in value orientations formed during a gradual improvement of the quality of life in the preceding period. In 13 post-socialist countries, there is a tendency for emancipative values to spread due to socialisation; however, in a few of them a statistically significant inter-cohort component is combined with adverse contextual factors.

Thus, even though European integration has proved to be quite an effective strategy for modernisation in most post-socialist Eastern European countries, it is not an irreversible process. Such a perspective helps to better understand the contradictory nature of transformations taking place in Eastern Europe, particularly in Ukrainian society.

Keywords: inclusive modernisation, values, social change, de-modernisation, Eastern European countries

__Publication in: ukr | rus

References

Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.30541/v51i3pp.276-278

Altvater, E. (1998). Theoretical deliberations on time and space in post-socialist transformation. Regional Studies, 32(7), 591–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409850119490

Alwin, D. F., McCammon, R. J. (2003). Generations, cohorts, and social change. In J. T. Mortimer, & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 23–49). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_2

Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.

Bendix, R. (1977). _N_ation-building and citizenship: Studies of our changing social order (Rev. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315125107

Berger, P. (1990). Facing up to modernity. [In Russian]. Sociological Studies, 7, 127–133. [= Бергер 1990]

Blokker, P. (2005). Post-communist modernization, transition studies, and diversity in Europe. European Journal of Social Theory, 8(4), 503–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431005059703.

Cohen, S. F. (2001). Failed crusade: America and the tragedy of post-communist Russia (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.

Dahrendorf, R. (1992). Democracy and modernity: Notes on the European experience. In S. N. Eisenstadt (Ed.), Democracy and modernity: International colloquium on the centenary of David Ben-Gurion (pp. 15–19). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.

Deutsch, K. W. (1961). Social mobilization and political development. American Political Science Review, 55(3), 493–514. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055400125134.

Eisenstadt, S. N. (2010). Modernity and modernisation. Sociopedia.isa. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.net/isa/resources/pdf/Modernity.pdf.

Firebaugh, G. (1989). Methods for estimating cohort replacement effects. Sociological Methodology, 19, 243–262. https://doi.org/10.2307/270954.

Foucault, M. (1965). Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.

Foucault, M. (1978). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.

GESIS — Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften. Datenarchiv für Sozialwissenschaften (2015). European Values Study longitudinal data file 1981–2008, ZA4804. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.12253

Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Habermas, J. (2003). Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne. [In Russian]. Moscow, Russian Federation: Ves Mir. [= Хабермас 2003]

Harrison, D. H. (1988). The sociology of modernization and development. Crows Nest, Australia: Unwin Hyman.

Häyrinen-Alestalo, M. (2001). Is knowledge-based society a relevant strategy for civil society? Current Sociology, 49(4), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392101049004011.

Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Inglehart, R., Haerpfer, C., Moreno, A., Welzel, Ch., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano, J., ... Puranen, B. (Eds.). (2014). World Values Survey: Round six — country-pooled datafile version. Madrid, Spain: JD Systems Institute. Retrieved from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp.

Inglehart, R., & Welzel, Ch. (2005). Modernization, cultural change and democracy: The human development sequence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680610668081

Inglehart, R., & Welzel, Ch. (2010). Changing mass priorities: The link between modernization and democracy. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 551–567. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001258.

Inkeles, A., & Smith, D. H. (1974). Becoming modern: Individual change in six developing countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674499348

Janos, A. C. (1994). Continuity and change in Eastern Europe: Strategies of post-communist politics. East European Politics and Societies, and Cultures, 8(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325494008001001.

Kapustin, B. (2003). Modernity’s failure/post-modernity’s predicament: The case of Russia. Critical Horizons: A Journal of Philosophy and Social Theory, 4(1), 99–145. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851603765200230.

Lerner, D. (1968). Modernization: Social aspects. In D. L. Sills, & R. K. Merton (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences in 19 vol. Vol. 9 (рр. 386–394). New York, NY: Macmillan & Free Press.

Levy, M. J., Jr. (1996). Modernization and the structure of societies in 2 vol. Vol. 1. The organizational contexts of societies. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Lipset, S. M., & Bendix, R. (1959). Social mobility in industrial society. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Martinelli, A. (2005). Global modernization: Rethinking the project of modernity. London, England: SAGE Publications.

Medvedev, S. (2014, November 26). Donetsk-style jihad: How the DPR is similar to the “Islamic State”. [In Russian]. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.ru/mneniya-column/tsennosti/274247-chem-dnr-pokhozha-na-islamskoe-gosudarstvo-i-kolumbiiskikh-partizan. [= Медведев 2014]

Müller, K. (1992). “Modernizing” Eastern Europe: Theoretical problems and political dilemmas. European Journal of Sociology, 33(1), 109–150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000397560000638X.

North, D. C., Wallis, J. J., & Weingast, B. R. (2009). Violence and social orders: A conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511575839

Parsons, T. (1971). The system of modern societies. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Piketty, Th. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.7202/1035112ar

Ritzer, G. (2000). The McDonaldization of society (Rev. ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social theory and global culture. London, England: SAGE Publications.

Savelyev, Yu. (2011). European integration and differences in development tracks of East European borderland. Proceedings of the National University of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”. Sociological Science, 122, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2803927.

Savelyev, Yu. (2013). Modernization and pseudomorphosis: The case of the forced gender transformation in the context of the communist project of modernization and its collapse. RSC: Research in Social Change, 5(1), 65–93.

Savelyev, Yu. B. (2015a). Cohort analysis and the problem of delimiting components of social change: The method of linear trend decomposition. [In Russian]. _Sociological Studies_, 10, 130–135. [= Савельев 2015a]

Savelyev, Yu. B. (2015b). Social inclusion and exclusion as forms of social interaction: The heuristic potential of sociological concepts. [In Ukrainian]. Ukrainian Society, 4 (55), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2727323 [= Савельєв 2015b]

Savelyev, Yu. (2016). Decomposition of value change in European societies in 1995–2008: Test of modernization model and socialization hypothesis. Sociológia, 48(3), 267–289.

Savelyev, Yu. B. (2017). Multidimensional modernity: Social inclusion in the assessment of social progress. [In Ukrainian].Kyiv, Ukraine: Kyiv University Press. [= Савельєв 2017]

Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

Sztompka, P. (1993). Civilizational incompetence: The trap of post-communist societies. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 22(2), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-1993-0201.

Sztompka, P. (1996). The _sociology of_ _social_ _c_hange. [In Russian].Moscow, Russian Federation: Aspect Press. [= Штомпка 1996]

Therborn, G. (2003). Entangled modernities. European Journal of Social Theory, 6(3), 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310030063002.

Tiryakian, E. A. (1995). Modernization in a millenarian decade: Lessons for and from Eastern Europe. In B. Grancelli (Ed.), Social change and modernization: Lessons from Eastern Europe (pp. 249–264). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884470.249

Touraine, A. (2009). Thinking differently. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.

United Nations Development Programme. (2007). Human Development Report 2007–2008. Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. https://doi.org/10.18356/6d252f18-en.

Wagner, P. (1994). A sociology of modernity: Liberty and discipline. London, England: Routledge.

Wallerstein, І. (2000). Globalization or the age of transition? A long-term view of the trajectory of the world-system. International Sociology, 15(2), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580900015002007.

Welzel, Ch., Inglehart, R., Alexander, A., & Ponarin, E. (2012). Disentangling the ties between culture and institutions: How human emancipation exemplifies this phenomenon. [In Russian]. _The Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology_, XV(4), 12–43. [= Вельцель 2012]

Welzel, Ch., Inglehart, R., Klingemann, H-D. (2003). The theory of human development: A cross-cultural analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 42(3), 341–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00086.

Zapf, W. (1998). Die Modernisierungstheorie und unterschiedliche Pfade der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung. [In Russian]. _Sociological Studies_, 8, 14–26. [= Цапф 1998]

Zhang, F., & He, Ch. (2015). World modernization indexes 1950 to 2010. In A. Martinelli, & Ch. He (Eds.), Global modernization review: New discoveries and theories _revisite_d (pp. 131–136). Singapore: World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814616072_0015

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